The success of soy mainly depends on versatility and supposed healthy properties of soy foods and soy components. Eleven interventional studies, eleven observational studies and one meta-analysis have been selected from the results of queries. (As part of this process, a group of eggs matures so that one will be ready for release during ovulation .) Flowchart for studies selection. No changes in progesterone and SHBG concentrations from baseline were observed. However, urinary phytoestrogen levels were only detected at baseline and this increased the correlation uncertainty. This may have influenced the presence of large confidence intervals. (2019), Daidzein intake is associated with equol producing status through an increase in the intestinal bacteria responsible for equol production, Setchell KDR, Brown NM & Lydeking-Olsen E (2002), The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones, Ariyani W, Miyazaki W, Amano I, et al. In the study by Nagata and colleagues, fifty Japanese women were enrolled to evaluate the association between soy intake (using an FFQ) and hormone levels. I usually. After the intervention period, four patients became pregnant and twelve patients showed ovulation improvements based on ultrasonography (P<005). Yes, soy can cause ovulation problems. It would have been useful to have retrospective information on soy consumption to assess the potential effect on previous fertility problems. There was no relationship between isoflavone intake and reported problems becoming pregnant. (2008), Is there a role for soy isoflavones in the therapeutic approach to polycystic ovary syndrome? (2002), Phytoestrogen concentrations in serum from Japanese men and women over forty years of age. The present paper aims to conduct a review of available data on the effect of soy, soy foods and soy components on women's fertility and related outcomes. However, after removing data from studies with elevated bias risk, three studies were included in the sensitivity analysis with consequent loss of statistical significance. between 128 women fed with soy-based formula and 268 women fed with cow milk formula during infancy. No correlation with specific isoflavones such as equol, daidzein and O-DMA was found. (2009), Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, Petrakis NL, Barnes S, King EB, et al. The same authors admitted that they had no information on the type of soy used and about the last ingestion. Podeli na Fejsbuku. Furthermore, the individuals recruited were seeking for a pregnancy and this could have changed their behaviour. The study did not evaluate circulating or urinary levels of isoflavones to verify the ability to metabolise isoflavones. Many of its components show an antioxidant activity that can at least partially explain its effectiveness(9). However, even in the West, it is currently widely used, especially due to its versatility in plant-based products for health purposes and vegetarian diets(1). (2011), A prospective cohort study of menstrual characteristics and time to pregnancy, Hooper L, Ryder JJ, Kurzer MS, et al. Choose any of these varieties. A slight increase of approximately 1d (MD: 105, 95% CI 013, 197) was seen compared with the control, with no significant effects in the length of luteal and follicular phases. Clinical trials can provide solid causal inferences, but they often have limitations in terms of study duration or intervention design. However, the mechanisms underlying isoflavones effects on human health are manifold. Multiple regression analysis including various set of possible confounders highlighted more in-depth correlations. Rome, Italy, 3Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 1. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the However, the terms are often interchangeably, being closely associated with the possibility of giving birth to children. These also included non-soy derived phytoestrogens, such as lignans. In another prospective study, 471 healthy American women were followed for 12 months or until delivery without showing significant correlations between urinary isoflavones, quantified by HPLC-MS analysis, and fertility, defined with adjusted Cox Model using time-to-pregnancy assessment(39), while lignan concentrations in urine were significantly associated with shorter time to pregnancy. was a pilot study without a characterisation of diet among participants and without data on soy composition (isoflavone or antioxidant contents). The study included the evaluation of patients microbiota composition as the primary endpoint, but androgen levels were also evaluated with AMH as markers of fertility as a secondary endpoint. I started taking 60mg every 12 hours (120mg daily) beginning the evening of CD2 and will finish the morning of CD7. The influence on SHBG levels can have a beneficial effect from an endocrine point of view, without negative effects on ovulation. If we eat soy, do we keep the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet? However, the sampling during the various days of the cycle allowed a detailed characterisation of serum LH surge day. It may contain ingredients not listed. The article processing charge was funded by the Baden-Wuerttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Art and the University of Freiburg in the funding programme Open Access Publishing. Similar significant association was observed for peak luteal progesterone 10ng/ml (aOR: 140, 95% CI 100, 196, P=005). These types of products contain phytoestrogens in much higher concentrations than traditional whole-food sources. The urinary or serum levels of isoflavones did not affected progesterone levels in the multiple regression analysis. Jamilian and colleagues in 2016 conducted another parallel clinical trial on seventy Iranian women with PCOS, using 50mg/d of soy isoflavones for a 1-month follow-up(43). With regards to available clinical trials, Lu and colleagues conducted two interventional studies using 36 Oz of soy milk (about one litre) divided into three daily intakes for a total daily intake of about 200mg of isoflavones(26,29). The use of surveys only through self-administered questionnaires, although validated, is easily exposed to self-reporting errors or incompleteness and misclassifications derived from the database used for food intake quantification. Thank God we tried it. (2003), Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF: relationship to outcome, Kent LM, Morton DP, Ward EJ, et al. 2023-03-29. In addition, non-English papers could have provided relevant data on the topic, especially those from countries with a more consistent history of soy consumption. (2010), Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis, Reed KE, Camargo J, Hamilton-Reeves J, et al. Authors Gianluca Rizzo 1 , Alessandra Feraco 2 3 , Maximilian Andreas Storz 4 , Mauro Lombardo 3 Affiliations 1 Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy. Furthermore, the nutritional habits of Adventists differ from the Western population ones and they show soy consumption more similar to populations in South-East Asia(53). In particular, soy contains numerous non-isoflavone constituents such as phytic acid, triterpenes and sterols, BowmanBirk protease inhibitors, unsaturated fatty acids, saponins, inositol phosphates, proteins, peptides such as lunasin;(10) nevertheless, soy isoflavones have attracted much attention in the last years for its estrogenic as well as non-hormonal properties(11). Servier Medical Art. This is especially true for vegetarian women. This effect persisted for at least one menstrual cycle after the suspension of soy intake, with a maximum of persistence for three menstrual cycles. These changes may have resulted in the mild, non-clinically relevant prolongation of menstrual cycle, as discussed in the previous section. Women who try soy isoflavones to conceive should understand the following: Do not take soy isoflavones and vitex (chaste berry) at the same time. Furthermore, there was no characterisation of dietary regimen, although it was a standard hospital diet. There was no evaluation of dietary habits and the determination of hormone levels was performed using non-validated ELISA kits, due to limited budget. The authors showed an inverse correlation between cycle length (detected via fertility monitors and daily journals) and total urinary phytoestrogen levels (0042d for 10% increase, 95% CI 0080, 0003). (2014), Higher urinary lignan concentrations in women but not men are positively associated with shorter time to pregnancy, Vanegas JC, Afeiche MC, Gaskins AJ, et al. Luteal phase deficiency can represent a relevant aspect for pregnancy outcomes and fertility disorders. While soy appears to have a negligible effect on hormonal network, menstrual cycle length and fertility outcomes of healthy women, some clues emerged from literature on its possible beneficial effect in the case of endocrine diseases such as PCOS. Black soy, in addition to the content of isoflavones, is known to be rich in antioxidant substances, especially in external seed integuments, which are rich in anthocyanins(49). Day 22 should correspond to the mid-luteal phase, however, the authors pointed out that participants exhibited different lengths of menstrual cycle and this could have been a source of heterogeneity that was used as a covariate in the regression model. In particular, among selected studies, only the intervention study by Haudum and colleagues explored the stratification of participants for equol-competence(46). The clinical trial was limited to a small sample size, lacking of control/placebo group and there was no characterisation of equol-competence. Soybean isoflavone exposure does not have feminizing effects on men: a critical examination of the clinical evidence The intervention data indicate that isoflavones do not exert feminizing effects on men at intake levels equal to and even considerably higher than are typical for Asian males. (1996), Effects of soya consumption for one month on steroid hormones in premenopausal women: implications for breast cancer risk reduction, Nagata C, Kabuto M, Kurisu Y, et al. After the soy intervention, the length of menstrual cycle marginally increased (from 28319 to 31851d, P=006). This could have introduced other confounding factors such as the influence of male on couple's fertility or possible changes in habits caused by the desire to conceive. ( The average person's intake of . Eleven interventional studies, eleven observational studies and one meta-analysis have been selected from the results of queries. Results from a pilot study, Khani B, Mehrabian F, Khalesi E, et al. Manuscripts exploring multiple aspects were discussed in different paragraphs, where deemed necessary. Put simply, most of the evidence indicates that isoflavones do not adversely affect men's fertility. How soy isoflavones help to induce ovulation Soy isoflavones have been found effective in inducing ovulation in women with irregular ovulation or anovulation. The interaction between isoflavones and ER estrogen receptor results in a competitive effect which in turn blunts endogenous estrogens action(72), as suggested by estrogenic activity of biochanin A and genistein on BT-474 human breast cancer(73). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Finally, they show antioxidant activity: a shared property among polyphenols(19). National Library of Medicine In order to assess the association between urinary isoflavones and fertility, adjustment for various confounding factors including ethnicity, supplement use, nutrients and lifestyle aspects was applied. The clinical studies selection included one retrospective study, two cross-sectional studies, eight longitudinal cohort studies, five parallel-designed interventional studies and six longitudinal interventional studies. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Furthermore, from the multiple regression analysis of ten women in the second trial(29), the reduction of estradiol in both luteal and follicular phases was positively associated with serum and urinary isoflavone levels but not with individual changes in the intake. In the first study, the authors administered soy milk to six American women aged 2229 for 1 month, comparing outcomes with baseline(26). Furthermore, the use of spot urine samples could generate an underestimation of urinary isoflavones quantification. (2014), Soy isoflavone intake and the likelihood of ever becoming a mother: the adventist health study-2, Mumford SL, Sundaram R, Schisterman EF, et al. Moreover, isoflavones act as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) showing both agonist and antagonist effects on ER, with subsequent estrogenic, anti-estrogenic or even neutral effects(14). The evaluation of isoflavones circulating levels and their urinary excretion allowed to show a wide inter-individual variation of metabolic and absorption capacity. Based on our literature search, we also identified two observational studies: a cross-sectional study published in 1997 by Nagata et al. Soy isoflavones have repeatedly shown a mild estrogenic effect but at high concentrations they may have enough power to act on hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reducing the ovarian synthesis of estrogens. Furthermore, women with PCOS display a higher prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and obesity compared to healthy population. (2009), Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on circulating hormone concentrations in pre- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men, Sdergrd R, Bckstrm T, Shanbhag V, et al. However, the work had several strengths: the real evaluation of luteal and follicular phase through the dosage of urinary LH:creatinine ratio, the characterisation of sampling according to the cycle; the evaluation of isoflavone content in foods used for the intervention and quantification of urinary isoflavones to check compliance; the use of soy foods and not supplements or extracts to approach a real-life pattern; the characterisation of diet at various steps of clinical trial to avoid confounding mechanisms; the stratification by ethnicity which indirectly showed the effect on equol-producer individuals. Currently, data are insufficient to assess the effect of early-stage soy exposure on fertility-related outcomes. Genistein treatment reduced LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels. However, the association between soy and isoflavones with the reduction of luteal phase seems weak. However, ethnicity was not used for outcomes stratification. From data that emerged on individuals with PCOS, there is no homogeneous improvement effect on hormonal picture, on menstrual cycle and therefore on fertility associated with soy consumption. The generalisation of these results is complex due to the type of study, which does not allow to define a causal relationship. These substances could play a role in the ovaries circulatory functions(50). Overall, a trend toward improvement can be appreciated but further studies are necessary to confirm the beneficial effect. One of the first research papers to look directly at soy and fertility outcomes was from the Adventist Health Study-2. Adapted from SMART: Servier Medical Art(89). However, the evaluation of ability to absorb and metabolise isoflavones was lacking in the present study. (2009), The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. No significant differences in fertility outcomes such as missed menstrual periods, pregnancy, live births, abortions, miscarriages, full-term deliveries, preterm deliveries, between soy or cow formula utilisers in infancy were seen, Improved endometrial thickness using transvaginal sonography in soy group compared with placebo. The results of selected manuscripts were grouped according to the outcomes used, for a clear comparison. Since there are no scientific studies on the effects of soy isoflavones and ovulation, these are just general guidelines. Circulating or urinary levels of isoflavones circulating levels and their urinary excretion allowed to show a inter-individual! 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