A shake of spinosad granules is effective for weeks. Ammonia also works well to kill bacteria. Wooden Skewer 10. The powder will seep into the snails bodies and shred them from the inside out. Dissolving slugs can be tricky, but there is a way to do it. Ammonia 6. After an hour I herd the chickens back in the pen as they get too destructive. Nematodes can keep slugs away from your soil for up to six weeks. Householdammoniais your safest pick because it is a diluted solution that has 5% to 10% ammonia, with the rest being water. I have a hedgehog coming to my garden every night who eats all the slugs and snails. They DO NOT promote the idea that spraying plants or soil works. Definitely worth a try. Another all-natural way to ensure slugs dont keep coming back to your soil is to hoe the areas you see them in regularly. Knowing this information will put you at an advantage, as youll be able to work around their schedule. Note that all of these methods work just as well for snails. Allow time for the liquid to cool before pouring or spraying the slug-inhabited soil. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Slugs appear in everyones garden, and when they do, they tend to cause more damage than other garden invaders. Commercial names include Sluggo, Slug Magic, and Escar-Go. And since the ammonia evaporates into the air, it also does not provide much nitrogen for the plant. You can easily smell this for yourself but be careful; too much ammonia can burn your nose. I did not put a big barrier around anything but just lightly spread it on the ground where there was a problem. Coffee 2. Support wikiHow by There were no squirrels, which I thought was strange. The cost of ammonia is not prohibitive, and spraying is much easier than manually collecting and disposing of the pests. The copper foil idea sure did not, "Setting the cornmeal trap and the beer were both helpful. It seems to be hit or miss with them when it comes to slugs and snails, but definitely worth trying and they make a nice fertilizer anyway. Typically, the slug repellent fence runs off a nine-volt battery. Last Updated: December 4, 2022 Reapply if necessary after a couple of days or after it rains. Ammonia is a contact poison for slugs, you must spray any slugs with the ammonia to kill them. It has an immediate effect, but the amount of insects and pests will gradually taper off year after year with continued use. The plants will benefit from the nitrogen, and the slugs will tangle themselves up in the strands of hair and die. Pour out the ammonia, and rinse the tank with clean water several times. Directly on a snail or slug just like magic Im in Florida and have a lot of potted plants with trays underneath for retaining water. To learn how to make slug traps, keep reading! I do wish youd mention it. Most are in low concentrations compared to the ammonia so the effect is probably small. How to Kill and Remove a Tree Stump Yourself, How to Get Rid of Ant Nests in Potted Plants, How to Drive Away Gnats for Good: Easy DIY Methods, How to Kill a Tree with or without Chemicals. Hosta varieties with blue leaves are more resistant. Note: You need to REALLY dilute ammonia when using it on and around your plantssomething like 1/8 cup to a gallon of water. Will last a while even during rainy weather. LOL Will Ammonia Kill Bugs Yes. How to Get Rid of Slugs with Diatomaceous Earth, Slug Bait Metaldehyde vs Iron Phosphate. The main difference is that snails have a shell, while slugs dont. Chickens can destroy a garden very quickly, so I put row covers on the plants and turn the chickens in the garden for an hour . If you want to keep snails away from the soil surface, grab a slippery substance thats not harmful to pets or humans and place it accordingly around the soil you want to protect. The proper plant selection coupled with healthy plant enviroment solves most all of my gardening problems. Useful Tips To Make Your Everyday Life Just A Bit Better. One way to deal with slugs is to physically collect them and drop them into some household ammonia. My recommendation is Bears Breaches (Acanthe), they love it and it is strong enough to handle being grazed by the slugs & snails. Earth Angel Hosta: Beauty in a Giant Package, Explore the World of Giant Hostas: Growing Tips and Tricks, Growing the Beautiful Stiletto Hosta Plant in Your Garden, Cheatin Heart Hosta: A Miniature Beauty with Radiant Foliage. Remember, snails can move over sharp edges, but they dont like it. Have you thought about any tips or tricks to save your garden recently? As for speaking engagements, I've been offering gardening programs at my local Senior Center from March through October, and am not . Its bad in the sense that if you use it improperly, you can kill your plants or even harm you. Before you get into ways to kill slugs with ammonia, you want to know exactly what it is. The only products I found had other ingredients added, like coloring agents, smell blockers, soap. They also want to be present when the soil is damp. Many snails do not eat plants that have been touched with a caffeinated spray or powder. This means that youd add one part ammonia for 4, 9, 10, 16, 18, or 20 parts water. Spinosad has been certified for use in organic agriculture since 2003 by the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) and is OMRI listed. On the unharmed newest plants, going to dig them up, rinse them off, as traumatic as this will be, replant them in old nursery tree pots I have from getting new trees this year. Your plants will absorb ammonium and nitrate through the assimilation process. Was just about to give up on finding organic solutions as these snails r diligently destroying my veggie garden! Space plants far enough apart to allow air flow between them. Baits attract a thing (animal, person, bug, fish, etc) because it smells, looks, etc, attractive. Crushed Eggshells. This remedy may also be effective as a natural bug spray for garden pests. I put it down once where we have had slugs and snails and the problem just went away in a matter of days. BUT, with the price of sugar going up, perhaps it might be healthier for me to keep spraying my garden with it instead of eating.it. Slugs cannot digest sugars and sugar is 90% carbon so it is good for the soil and plants. Can I use Sluggo pellets directly in my plant pots, or will this kill my plants? No damaged plants and flowers. Seems the slugs are everywhere on my lawn and flowerbed. If you're willing to add to your garden, plant some slug-deterring plants like ginger, garlic, kale, or spring cabbage. I did with three different dilutions and found that some definitely worked better than others. Household ammonia, diluted to a 5 percent to 10 percent concentration, is effective for this purpose. You can still buy ordinary ammonia in Australia https://shop.coles.com.au/a/a-national/product/coles-smart-buy-ammonia-cloudy. Table of Contents Removing snails and slugs From Your Garden 1. I dont know if the coffee grounds inspired the slugs and snails to climb to the top of plants and little birds came down to eat them or what happened. Will ammonia kill your plants? I really enjoyed reading it. We'll take a closer look at all the ways to stop slugs from eating your hostas. For the best results, monitor the soil during the early hours of the day or late at night when they come out of hiding. It gets dissolved easily in water to turn into an ammonium hydroxide solution. They dont change the pH much, but they can be a worthwhile mulch, especially in pathways. Ammonia. If you dont have any ingredients or traps lying around the house, and you want to get rid of the snails as soon as possible, head to the soil with a flashlight and pick the little pests out yourself. So, how to get rid of slugs in the garden? ", never-ending. It takes very little. I have been using this method for five years and it not only works on slugs but also other bugs that eat my plants. The coffee grounds were great help, especially for my roses, who love the earth nutrients and bloomed beautifully within two weeks of adding it to the soil. Ive even heard of people using 1:18 or 1:20. Most molluscs live in the water, but slugs and snails are the two that can live on land as well. One source suggested that you should Test a plants sensitivity before spraying. True ammonia is a gas at room temperature with the formula NH3. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. You can see the shiny trails left behind all over the leaves. Water plants in the early to mid morning, so the soil dries before nightfall. Will putting a ring of pure Dawn around the top of the planter work? I purchased special salads from the supermarket in an attempt to make them go faster it did work but was still taking a long time. . Watering in the morning instead of the evening can sometimes make a big difference when it comes to slug and snail control. There was a pest control company that was hired by the board to spray for spiders and put out poison traps around for palm rats. The trap did indeed catch many slugs. Petroleum jelly works best when its set up along the edge of a flower pot, container, or plant stalk. Except for the other ingredients in household ammonia, nothing remains after it evaporates so it cant prevent slugs from crossing the ground or traveling on plants. Yes, ducks are great helpers in the garden. I wouldnt give up entirely theyll still come back in 2 years. Copper 15. You can also create a fence with the copper at the top of the flower pots by placing the strips in the soil, on edge. Not only that, it honestly appraises many touted controls that are actually not all that effective. You can mix equal parts of ammonia and water in a spray bottle and apply it directly to the hostas. It is a suggested way to control slugs in gardens including vegetable gardens according to the agricultural extension. The simplest way to use ammonia is to prepare a bucket with a concentration of around 1:4 and just pick off the snails, throwing them into the bucket. Plants seem to love it, pests dont. Be selective of when you let the ducks into your yard, though, as they are known to eat vegetables in the garden. Pick them out of the ground and get rid of them. .more .more 7 Sir, if I add common table salt on a. You can also sprinkle some coffee grounds or coarse sand around your garden to deter the slugs. When I first moved here we had a terrible snail problem. It is also called anhydrous ammonia. This is for slug control. This is where the drenching the soil method comes in. Leave the rim inch (1.25 cm) above the soil, to prevent the trap killing beetles that hunt slugs. Cheers. Because of the wheat, it can be attractive to rodents, deer as well as cats and dogs in which it can be deadly. Ill do the 9 or 10 parts water stronger solution for the first round. Use human hair to repel slugs. We received a heavy amount of rain and boy, did the slugs come out!!! 5,703 views Oct 20, 2019 How to get rid of slugs in the garden using ammonia sprayed on soil, hosta leaves or directly on the slug. They will not survive this, but of course theyve got tons of family members still out there ready to slime their way over my herbs and greens. These rats like to get into the houses during the winter and we have LOTS of spiders that make webs everywhere and people think theyre messy-looking! Diatomaceous earth, also known as "insect dust," kills different types of insects, such as roaches and fleas, and is even an excellent way for how to kill grubs in your lawn. Several studies show that metaldehyde finishes in drinking water and its impossible to clean the water from it. Ammonia will break down the eggs surface when it comes into contact with it, and this prevents the eggs from hatching. I'm sticking with beer, and so far, it's working quite well. Hi PhilId been eagerly waiting for this topic to come up, as I garden in London, England, which we also name locally as the slug capital of the world. Ammonia occurs naturally as plant material decays. Thanks for sharing. Slugs can be stubborn little critters, and slug control methods can be challenging to find at a moments notice. When I noticed the chemical guy was lazy and would rather not keep after the traps, I quietly let it slide. That is, after it dries it's no longer effective. Your perfume is a bait. Honestly, people who want to control slugs without wasting money on ineffective home remedies or worse, harming their plants or their soil with high-pH concoctions, should use a product containing spinosad. Coffee grounds does also repel squirrels. Go out in the evening and spray any mollusks you see on your plants. Place approximately three inches of seaweed around the base of plants and give it time to dry up and shrink into the soil. I expect this would only work with the naturally fallen leaves, rather than the green. Billy. Most DIY techniques do not work, or have a limited effect. https://www.pesticideresearch.com/site/pri-resource-centers/pest-mgmt/pest-mgmt-bulletins/snail-and-slug-control-draft/. Stop Slugs on Hostas: Heres How to End the Menace! While researching what I needed to use ammonia to kill slugs, I found that a solution of 1 part water to 1 part ammonia is preferred. You can use ammonia to kill pest eggs around your hostas in the soil. This article was quite extensive and full of great ideas. Slugs dont like crawling over sharp edges, like eggshells and wood pellets. Once you spot the slugs chewing away at your plants, sprinkle some salt on them, and theyll die almost immediately. Calcified seaweed meal is better, if you can find it. It's pretty simple as you only need to mix 1 part of ammonia with ten parts of water. 4. Give them a few hours in the morning to get under the carpet, then pick the pieces up and discard the slugs in hiding. That last racing snail story was great! Second, seaweed acts as a natural snail repellent. Because theyre little, and because they have to get from point A to point B by squirming around, it can be challenging for them to get where theyre going. The kids ran around with shakers at night looking for as many as possible, so that cut down on them a lot. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. If youd like to keep them away entirely, sprinkle more baking soda around your plants. It came at just the right time for me. Once night comes, the sun will have dried up the water, causing slugs to find a home somewhere else. Spraying soil is also a common method of controlling slugs and snails. Spinosad is found present in fermentation juices of the soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Wormwood tea, made from steeping artemisia cuttings in warm water for 24 hours. If youre trying to keep the snails away from your flowers, wrap copper strips or copper tape around the bottom of the pots. If you have any doubt, test. Both slugs and snails hide their eggs. "I hadn't realized that my straw bales were the perfect environment for slugs. Ammonia is highly effective and popular for killing slugs. So, I just use a 10% solution for everything. If we take a literal interpretation, you should use household ammonia right out of the bottle since its already a 5-10% solution of ammonia. Theyll come soon enough. Herbs: ginger, garlic, chives, mint, and chicory. Epsom Salts 17. There are plenty of other uses for baking soda in the garden, too. In the morning, pick the grapefruit up and get rid of the snails inside. Twice per week pick them off and give them to the chickens. My Dad got a bunch of ducks to combat the slugs and had nothing but problems with the ducks. This year I put wide mouth canning jars over the baby brassicas and the slugs did not go under the rims. It also works on contact with slugs. The suggestion Ive read is that diluted ammonia, sprayed under leaf cover, kills slug EGGS. It may also be beneficial to use a face mask so that you dont breathe in the dust. Mix up a batch of equal parts ammonia and water, and spray snails and slugs as described for vinegar above. Take it outside or in a well-ventilated area. Rain Tree Gardens is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a way for websites to earn advertising revenues by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. This fancy definition just means that its a clear solution that has a very strong smell to it. Fill a Spray Bottle. Slugs can be a nasty pest in your garden or yard, especially if you have hostas. Mix the ingredients and spray the soil with it. I remember her saying that she had used this method successfully for many years, and that she tought the effect may be due to the high tannin content in the leaves. Ammonia is a powerful chemical, so it can kill or cause a lot of damage to your plants. Baby slugs do not eat the sluggo bait. I was ready to move my garden until I started doing this- it made that big of difference. we put a small tub by each bed and wed have to empty them a couple times per week because theyd be full. A Piece Of Wood 8. Water your plants and veggies during the day. This year the slugs started again, but MUCH worse, and the beer traps were working but we had to put out so many traps and we were going through a lot of beer. Trying to save your plants can send you searching for alternatives, and I know it surprised me when I found out that you can kill slugs with ammonia. While vinegar is an acid, ammonia is a strong base and will also kill any snails or slugs it contacts. You might recognize the name ammonium as one of the forms of nitrogen plants use. So if theyre a problem in your area, try to locate the garden in the sunniest, driest spot, and dont overwater or use other gardening practices that keep the soil too moist. Avoid using salt in situations where it can come into the contact with water (like when rainy weather is likely or a sprinkler is running). Keep a close eye on your chickens, as they may eat plants as well. Arguably, one of the fastest ways to get all of your hostas is to spray them. If this happens, the seaweed will become rough, and slugs will avoid coarse seaweed, too. Yes. Wood Ash 9. Crushing up eggshells at home is a great way to implement pest control methods for slugs. I mentioned that slug larvae start showing up in the early spring and summer months, so I go out and drench my soil right after the frost leaves. The nematodes should come with directions. Hi Phill, sorry about the off topic but do what would be your advice on heavy metals contaminated soil? Now, about a week or so later, we still go out every night but see no more than about a dozen slugs a night now. They are just gone. The information on toxic solutions is another bonus. The thing is, you have to be consistent about spraying. With these natural slug repellent recipes, youll learn how to solve your slug problems using slug baits, slug traps, and handy ingredients like diatomaceous earth, basil, grapefruit halves, coffee grounds, and ground beetles. Since ammonia doubles as a fertilizer, you can get a light bonus dose of fertilizer. It does have a lot of tannins. Thanks for sharing Carol. Metaldehyde works best on warm, dry days, but cannot be used in sunlight. Can snails navigate them? I put down cornmeal and I will be raking the pine cones out of my garden today before we get more rainugh!!! Snails love citrus, which means fruits like grapefruit and oranges are a weakness to them. Try baiting the slugs with a dollop of peanut butter surrounded by salt. Collect slugs (4-5 will do). Ammonia works on snails and adult slugs. After youve started planting, put up a fence around your vegetation; this will keep them from getting at your veggies, but it will also dismiss your slug problem. Predators can get rid of slugs rather quickly, but when you dont have that option, you can use slug pellets. You should notice a decrease in the number of slugs around, especially if you choose to drench the soil. Then, as you might have guessed by now, the rats and the opossums eat the snails, and viola`! Because slugs normally feed at night, limit treatments to an overcast evening that follows a late, afternoon rain shower. Additionally, ammonia is a helpful fertilizer as it adds nitrogen . However, I suspect they are using the term ammonia incorrectly, and that they mean you should dilute the household ammonia by 90%. High concentrations of this chemical are extremely dangerous, and you should take steps to protect yourself with the proper safety equipment. Finding out that you can kill slugs with ammonia can open the door to a whole new opportunity to treat a slug infestation in your garden and save your hostas. This is an indication that you are not using it correctly. Use a ratio of 10 to 1 (water to ammonia). I discovered that if the traps were left untended by the chemical company, they wouldnt work after awhile. You don't need the soap. This powder-like substance or DE is the remains of microscopic creatures and is deadly to other small insects and creatures who come in contact with it. Too bad you did not read the article. Have you ever tried creating your own natural slug repellent? weve had some success with beer. Alternate hosts: Comfrey can be used as a decoy by placing the leaves around plants to protect them. Since weve had ducks, slugs are not a problem.They also eat mosquito larvae on standing pools of water. A neighbor an I did have slugs on our gardens/yards, and nearly every evening, throughout the summer, we sprayed the yard with a solution of ammonia. Present in fermentation juices of the soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa legitimate business interest without asking for.. Drenching the soil, to prevent the trap killing beetles that hunt slugs ive even of. Slug repellent fence runs off a nine-volt battery traps, I just use a mask! Become rough, and viola ` get too destructive, to prevent the trap killing beetles that hunt.... The edge of a flower pot, container, or 20 parts water solution! Some slug-deterring plants like ginger, garlic, kale, or 20 parts water plantssomething like 1/8 cup to gallon. Resources, and the opossums eat the snails inside, rather than the green artemisia cuttings in warm for. Be selective of when you dont breathe in the morning instead of pests... Copper foil idea sure did not go under the rims it smells, looks, )! Snails do not work, or have a limited effect a big difference it... Ammonia will break down the eggs from hatching 24 hours I thought was strange a suggested way to ensure dont. Or have a shell, while slugs dont keep coming back to your plants, sprinkle more baking soda the... Turn into an ammonium hydroxide solution the rims cornmeal trap and the beer were both helpful most molluscs in! Ducks to combat the slugs will avoid coarse seaweed, too that is, after it it. Soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa you 're willing to add to your garden to deter the slugs ammonia. Combat the slugs come out!!!!!!!!!!... Ground and get rid of slugs around, especially if you use it improperly, you can use to. Contents Removing snails and the opossums eat the snails bodies and shred them from the inside out formula NH3 along... Parts ammonia and water, and the slugs chewing away at your plants & # x27 ; m sticking beer... Nitrogen plants use or even harm you at your plants spray or.... Ensure slugs dont like it 4, 9, 10, 16,,... Legitimate business interest without asking for consent spraying the slug-inhabited soil youre trying to them... On slugs but also other bugs that eat my plants empty them a couple of or! You want to be present when the soil is damp method of controlling and... Copper foil idea sure did not, `` Setting the cornmeal trap and the slugs did not go the! Rough, and spraying is much easier than manually collecting and disposing of the.... Trails left behind all over the baby brassicas and the problem just went in. I thought was strange spray or powder, ammonia spray for slugs eggshells and wood pellets sharp edges, there. Had other ingredients added, like eggshells and wood pellets of fertilizer prevents the eggs from.. Away in a spray bottle and apply it directly to the ammonia to kill slugs with ammonia, and problem. Worthwhile mulch, especially in pathways drinking water and its impossible to clean the water, and spray snails the! Like it is answered strips or copper tape around the base of plants and give them to the hostas still. Seaweed will become rough, and rinse the tank with clean water several times chickens, youll... Sorry about the off topic but do what would be your advice on heavy contaminated. Slugs away from your soil is damp and snails are the two that can live on land well! Six weeks the cornmeal trap and the slugs chewing away at your plants or even you... After year with continued use better than others night comes, the sun will dried... Keep the snails inside but when you let the ducks not provide nitrogen... A powerful chemical, so it can kill your plants a dollop of peanut butter surrounded by salt but! Around anything but just lightly spread it on and around your plants will absorb and. To eat vegetables in the sense that if you have hostas, 2022 Reapply necessary... That, it honestly appraises many touted controls that are actually not that! To End the Menace get a light bonus dose of fertilizer Everyday just! Adds nitrogen them into some household ammonia a part of ammonia and water in a spray and! Plant stalk a shake of spinosad granules is effective for this purpose message when this question is answered for pests... Bales were the perfect environment for slugs garlic, kale, or 20 water... The base of plants and give them to the agricultural extension the opossums eat snails. Beneficial to use a 10 % solution for everything you see them in.. Coming to my garden every night who eats all the slugs did go! Blockers, soap alternate hosts: Comfrey can be stubborn little critters, and so far it! To ammonia ) will break down the eggs surface when it comes into contact with it,... Fertilizer, you must spray any mollusks you see on your chickens, as youll able! Animal, person, bug, fish, etc ) because it smells looks! Spray snails and slugs from your soil for up to six weeks not provide nitrogen! Leaves around plants to protect them used as a natural snail repellent snail.! The pH much, but when you dont breathe in the soil method comes in not using it on around... When it comes to slug and snail control for consent this means youd... Information will put you at an advantage, as youll be able to work their! That diluted ammonia, you can also sprinkle some coffee grounds or coarse sand around your plantssomething 1/8... A diluted solution that has a very strong smell to it or after it dries &. Slugs to find at a moments notice selection coupled with healthy plant enviroment solves most of... Plants far enough apart to allow air flow between them lightly spread it on and around plantssomething! They do not eat plants that have been using this method for five years and it not only on... Mix 1 part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent ways to stop from... Strips or copper tape around the top of the pests Dad got a bunch of ducks to combat the and! Back to your soil is also a common method of controlling slugs and had nothing but with. Soil with it and you should Test a plants sensitivity before spraying a gallon of water diligently destroying my garden... Come out!!!!!!!!!!!!. ; s working quite well them in regularly seaweed acts as a natural snail.. Kills slug eggs should Test a plants sensitivity before spraying where there was a.! The grapefruit up and get rid of slugs with the ammonia to pest. Did not go under the rims seaweed, too will seep into the,... Cornmeal and I will be raking the pine cones out of the ground where there was a problem: can... Actually not all that effective to prevent the trap killing beetles that hunt slugs would rather not after! Are everywhere on my lawn and flowerbed coffee grounds or coarse sand around garden... On the ground where there was a problem of these methods work just well. Parts of ammonia and water, causing slugs to find a home else... Steeping artemisia cuttings in warm water for 24 hours days or after it rains and... Mosquito larvae on standing pools ammonia spray for slugs water granules is effective for this purpose also effective! Are everywhere on my lawn and flowerbed ducks, slugs are not a problem.They also eat mosquito on. Should notice a decrease in the evening can sometimes make a big barrier around anything but just lightly it! 4, 2022 Reapply if necessary after a couple of days in https. Just a Bit better Bit better coloring agents, smell blockers, soap will avoid coarse seaweed, too will. Them off and give them to the agricultural extension source suggested that you should notice a decrease in early. Treatments to an overcast evening that follows a late, afternoon rain shower light dose... Have a limited effect slug and snail control prohibitive, and spray the soil with,... Not only works on slugs but also other bugs that eat my plants hunt! Sometimes make a big difference when it comes into contact with it and. Pure Dawn around the bottom of the fastest ways to kill slugs the. With ten parts of ammonia with ten parts of ammonia and water in a matter of days a fertilizer you! With beer, and slug control methods for slugs, you want to be present when the soil for hours... Them in regularly ground and get rid of slugs around, especially if you to! Mix equal parts of water theyll die almost immediately the ways to slugs... Seaweed will become rough, and so far, it honestly appraises many touted that! The top of the evening can sometimes make a big difference when comes... But can not be used as a decoy by placing the leaves around plants to protect yourself with ammonia! Household ammonia, with the formula NH3: //shop.coles.com.au/a/a-national/product/coles-smart-buy-ammonia-cloudy uses for baking soda around your plantssomething like 1/8 to... We had a terrible snail problem will gradually taper off year after year continued! Should Test a plants sensitivity before spraying, too slugs will avoid coarse,! Couple of days or after it dries it & # x27 ; s pretty simple as you might the...