Nutr J 18, 71 (2019). Standardization of methods for the determination of enzyme activities in biological fluids. In Jablonski et al., 2013 study which was done on 53 NAFLD patients, the average weight of patients was more than control group, so that patients had high BMI and 10% weight addition to their idea weight. Nat Rev Nephrol. Serum immunoglobulin M concentration is positively related to metabolic syndrome in an adult population: Tianjin chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and health (TCLSIH) cohort study. In Asia, tea has been regarded to process significant health-promoting effects for centuries [10]. According to the findings of this study, GTE supplementation decrease liver enzymes in patients with NAFLD. suggested that pesticide contamination of tea could underlie the association between daily tea consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes [30]. Jablonski KL, Jovanovich A, Holmen J, Targher G, McFann K, Kendrick J, et al. Fourth, all the previous studies on tea and NAFLD showed effects at dosage higher than 500mg of catechins/day (equivalent to 9 cups of green tea). According to the revised definition and treatment guidelines for NAFLD published by the Chinese Association for the Study of Liver Disease in 2010 [14], we defined heavy drinking as an intake of >140g of alcohol per week among men and>70g per week among women. The results indicated green tea extract supplementation significantly altered the blood levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases [11]. Wolfram S. Effects of green tea and EGCG on cardiovascular and metabolic health. According to these results, it can be claimed that GTE 500 mg prescribed can be considered as an absolute treatment to improve serum levels of liver enzymes in NAFLD patients. 
Height and weight were measured by using standard protocols with participants in light clothes and without shoes. IFCC method for aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1). PLoS One. 2011;12:4550. Association of serum concentration of organochlorine pesticides with dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among urban Chinese women. The sample size was computed 35 per group by considering = 0.05 and a power of 90%. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Diraison F, Moulin P, Beylot M. Contribution of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and reesterification of plasma non esterified fatty acids to plasma triglyceride synthesis during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hamza A, Zhan CG. The participants indicated the frequency of consumption of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea over the previous one month in terms of the specified serving size by selecting one of the following eight frequency categories: almost never, <1 cup/week, 1 cup/week, 23 cups/week, 46 cups/week, 1 cup/day, 23 cups/day, and4 cups/day (200ml per cup). This technique has a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 93% and is widely used in population-based studies due to its noninvasiveness and easy accessibility [33]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Int J Epidemiol. [10,11] In addition, results of animal experiments have indicated that catechins affect the lipid metabolism by decreasing triglyceride and total cholesterol levels[12] and enhancing energy utilization. [41] Restricting iron absorption through catechins may therefore be effective treatment for NAFLD. Thus, the reverse causation may partly explain the findings of the present study. 2018M641753). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated. The participants with NAFLD in the present study are newly diagnosed and have not changed their habits of tea consumption in the preceding five years. Results of this randomized clinical trial shows that GTE supplementation decrease ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period in patients with NAFLD. Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. The placebo given to the control group comprised pure microcrystalline cellulose. A previous meta-analysis showed that catechin intake is associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD risk factors [11], and that the daily intake amounts of catechin in the treatment groups of previous randomised clinical trials were>500mg. Anstee QM, McPherson S, Day CP. [39] Reports on NASH patients showed that elevated iron stores, iron absorption in the liver[40] and serum ALT levels were decreased by bloodletting treatment. It is believed to have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, one of which is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD prevalence has increased with the change in eating habits, thus identifying an effective treatment for NAFLD is a significant public health objective. Increased mRNA expression of acyl-CoA oxidase, one of the peroxisomal -oxidizing enzymes and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial -oxidizing enzyme, was observed in the liver of the catechin administration group. [32,33] In the past, BMI was the more important independent predictor agent of accumulated fat in the liver. Catechins account for ~20% of the flavonoids in green tea leaves. Table 1 shows the components of caffeine and polyphenols in the capsules. The placebo group showed a reduction in ALT and AST levels at the end of the study, but it was no significant. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Joukar F, Golpour S, Najafgholizadeh A. All participants underwent ultrasonography for determining fatty liver by a single sonographist. 2008;8:828. Foroughi M, Maghsoudi Z, Ghiasvand R, Iraj B, Askari G. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on C-reactive Protein in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver. Chang Y, Jung HS, Yun KE, Cho J, Cho YK, Ryu S. Cohort study of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD fibrosis score, and the risk of incident diabetes in a Korean population. Nutrition Journal Kaijun Niu or Yuhong Zhao. Moreover, a previous study conducted among Chinese women showed that tea consumption is associated with the serum concentration of total organochlorine pesticides (r=0.14, P<0.05) [29]. Part 3. 2008;331:65562. In the study region, a cup of tea has a typical volume of 200ml. Koo SI, Noh SK. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Significant increases in serum biochemical indices, including the levels of alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation by-products have been observed experimentally after subchronic or chronic exposure to organophosphates [31, 32]. This may be due to the fact that participants who drank tea tended to be men and older. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for energy intake (kJ/d), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, physical activity, educational level, household income, smoking status, drinking status, employment status, family history of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, intake of sweet foods pattern, vegetable pattern and animal foods pattern, and consumption of two other kinds of tea. Moreover, NAFLD is associated with metabolic syndrome [3], type 2 diabetes mellitus [4], and chronic kidney disease [5]. There were no significant differences at baseline between the two groups in terms of age, gender, marital status, education level, physical activity, and the severity of fatty liver. Type 2 diabetes was defined as having fasting blood glucose 7.0mmol/, or 2-h postprandial blood glucose 11.1mmol/l, or HbA1c6.5% (48mmol/mol), or a history of diabetes based on the 2014 American Diabetes Association criteria [17]. Finally, liver biopsy, the gold standard for the diagnosis of liver disease, was not performed in the present study, due to the apparently healthy study population. 81903302, 91746205, and 81673166), China; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. The Metabolic equivalents (METs; hours per week) were calculated using corresponding MET coefficients (3.3, 4.0, and 8.0, respectively) according to the following formula: MET coefficient of activity duration (hours)frequency (days). Sakata R, Nakamura T, Torimura T, Ueno T, Sata M. Green tea with high-density catechins improves liver function and fat infiltration in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. CAS Other researchers have accentuated that the peripheral accumulated lipid is a more important predictor agent in comparison with BMI. There was a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake in green tea group (P = 0.02). Yki-Jarvinen H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. Ultrasonography was used to diagnose fatty liver in patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >31 mg/dl and 41 mg/dl and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >31 mg/dl and 47 g/dl in women and men, respectively and without other hepatic diseases. This cross-sectional study was based on the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIHealth) Cohort Study, which is a large prospective dynamic cohort study that focuses on the relationships between chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and the health status of a population living in Tianjin, China [12]. [23,24,25] The prevalence of this is 3446% in adults, although the prevalence of it is 21.531.5% in Iran. Of totally 153 recruited patients, only 80 confirmed NAFLD patients met the inclusion criteria Inc. aged 2050 years of gender and body mass index (BMI) equal or over 30 kg/m2. If fatty acid uptake by hepatocytes increases, fatty acid pools in the liver increase and accumulate in the hepatocytes as acylglycerol, increasing the load on hepatic mitochondria. Personal characteristics Inc. demographic and disease history were obtained. J Nutr Biochem. How big a problem is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? 2006;50:21828. Beneficial effects of fermented green tea extract in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. Fasting blood samples were obtained via venipuncture of the cubital vein and immediately mixed with EDTA. Johansson G, Westerterp KR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. In this present, green tea group showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). There was no association between tea consumption and NAFLD after adjustment of confounding factors. Previous studies have focused on the effect of tea extract on NAFLD. 2011;25:178995. Blood samples were taken after 1214 h of overnight fasting at baseline and after the intervention period. No significant association was detected between daily consumption of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea and the prevalence of newly diagnosed NAFLD in Chinese adults after adjustments. Leite NC, Salles GF, Araujo AL, Villela-Nogueira CA, Cardoso CR. Nakamoto K, Takayama F, Mankura M, Hidaka Y, Egashira T, Ogino T, et al. IFCC method for alanine aminotransferase (L-alanine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.2), Bergmeyer HU, Hrder M, Rej R. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Scientific Committee, Analytical Section: Approved recommendation (1985) on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. A previous study demonstrated that green tea consumption was positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults (hazard ratio: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.27) [30]. The present study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to explore the associations between daily tea consumption and the prevalence of newly-diagnosed NAFLD in a general population with a large sample size. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted PubMedGoogle Scholar. Patients with liver diseases such as Wilson's disease, autoimmune liver disease, hemochromatosis, virus infection, and alcoholic fatty liver as well as those with hepatotoxic, lipid lowering, metformin consumption and antihypertensive medication, contraceptive, and estrogen were excluded. Daily tea drinking is not associated with newly diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults: the Tianjin chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and health cohort study, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0502-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Terms and Conditions, [17] The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups Green tea extract and placebo groups. Careers. Baseline characteristics of the NAFLD patients in each group, MeanSD daily total energy and macronutrient intakes before and after intervention, MeanSD biochemical factors before and after intervention. Stangl V, Lorenz M, Stangl K. The role of tea and tea flavonoids in cardiovascular health. Furthermore, we also adjusted scores of major dietary patterns in the study population in case the associations between daily tea consumption and the prevalence of NAFLD may be affected by intake of dietary confounding factors (i.e. All P values for linear trend were calculated according to the categories of tea consumption (almost never: 1, <1 cup/week: 2, 16 cups/week: 3, 1 cup/day: 4) based on logistic regression. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. dissertation which was approved by School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with code 393254. Suzuki Y, Miyoshi N, Isemura M. Health-promoting effects of green tea. At the beginning of the study, the groups were similar based upon weight (87.22 11.75 kg and 90.51 14.88 kg in intervention and placebo group, respectively) and liver enzymes. J Geriatr Cardiol. Factor analysis was applied to generate the major dietary patterns and food loading on all 100 food items and beverages (gram). Blood pressure was measured twice from the upper left arm using a TM-2655P automatic device (A&D Co., Tokyo, Japan) after five minutes of rest in a seated position. Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Hepatology. Bassett DR Jr. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. 2016;115:218995. How can (-)-epigallocatechin gallate from green tea prevent HIV-1 infection. The components of NAFLD have not yet been fully elucidated, but the following steps are considered to be the main mechanism. Most recently, a meta-analysis that included four randomized controlled trials suggested that there are potential benefits of green tea supplementation on the risk factors of NAFLD [11]. Green tea group showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). 2018;110:7985. 2015;7:477891. Bellentani S, Dalle Grave R, Suppini A, Marchesini G, Fatty liver Italian N. Behavior therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The need for a multidisciplinary approach. ALP levels showed significant reductions in both group after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). Dietary green tea extract lowers plasma and hepatic triglycerides and decreases the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c mRNA and its responsive genes in fructose-fed, ovariectomized rats. Lee SA, Dai Q, Zheng W, Gao YT, Blair A, Tessari JD, et al. PMC legacy view The new PMC design is here! Z., L. L., G. M., H. W., X. Further studies are needed to explore the associations between more cups of tea drinking (e.g., equivalent to 500mg of catechins/day) and the prevalence of NAFLD. Yang YX, Wang GY. The evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that green tea inhibits dietary lipid absorption [23], decreases lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue [24], improves insulin sensitivity [25], and exerts antioxidant properties [26]. [13] Experimental evidence supports a role of green tea extract (GTE) or its catechins in protecting against NAFLD by regulating energy homeostasis and decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Dietary data were collected using a 3-day dietary record and averages of 3-day energy and macro-nutrients intakes were analyzed using Nutritionist Software (Version 4.1, First Databank Division, The Hearst Corporation, San Bruno, CA). 2008;46:12718. Normality of continuous variable was tested by KolmogorovSmirnov test. Papavagelis C, Avgeraki E, Augoulea A, Stamatelopoulos K, Lambrinoudaki I, Yannakoulia M. Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet and obesity in postmenopausal women. Before The same opaque capsules containing either dried powdered GTE or placebo (cellulose) were administered to the subjects by a research assistant blinded to the contents in the capsules. The scores of dietary patterns were used for further analyses as confounding factors. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). about navigating our updated article layout. Increased hepatocellular mitochondrial -oxidation activity promotes the breakdown of fatty acids and it is thought that it acts as a protective mechanism against NAFLD. Correspondence to The reproducibility and validity of the questionnaire have been assessed in a random sample of 150 participants living in Tianjin by comparing the data from the questionnaire with the data from two dietary questionnaires collected approximately three months apart and four-day weighed dietary records (WDRs). Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Rezg R, Mornagui B, El-Fazaa S, Gharbi N. Biochemical evaluation of hepatic damage in subchronic exposure to malathion in rats: effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities using native PAGE. Assessment of the physical activity level with two questions: Validation with doubly labeled water. 8600 Rockville Pike NAFLD was diagnosed via liver ultrasonography and no history of heavy alcohol intake. Article
2007;18:17983. Our GTE samples were prepared by Giah Essence Phytopharm Corporation (Gorgan, Iran). Mutat Res. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to explore the associations between excessive tea drinking and the prevalence of NAFLD. PA in the most recent week was assessed using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire [15]. Murase T, Nagasawa A, Suzuki J, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. Tea consumption was assessed via a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. [26,27,28] There have been no certain treatment for NAFLD so far, but losing weight, controlling metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, taking antioxidant drugs like Vitamin D and those which are sensitive to insulin are recommended. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging driving force in chronic kidney disease. Ultrasound scanning in the detection of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis. The mean SD of biochemical factors before and after intervention are shown in Table 4. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website (IRCT2013092611763N12). There were no significant differences in the mean nutrient intakes between the two groups at baseline and also after 12 weeks. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common chronic liver disease and potentially affects 25% of the global adult population [1]. government site. 2002;123:74550. Y. X., K. N., and Y, Z., designed research; Y. X., X. W., S. Z., Q. Spearmans rank correlation coefficient for energy intake between two food frequency questionnaires administered three months apart was 0.68. A previous meta-analysis of four clinical trials suggested that green tea extract supplementation yield benefits on NAFLD related risk factors [11].
Height and weight were measured by using standard protocols with participants in light clothes and without shoes. IFCC method for aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1). PLoS One. 2011;12:4550. Association of serum concentration of organochlorine pesticides with dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among urban Chinese women. The sample size was computed 35 per group by considering = 0.05 and a power of 90%. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Diraison F, Moulin P, Beylot M. Contribution of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and reesterification of plasma non esterified fatty acids to plasma triglyceride synthesis during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hamza A, Zhan CG. The participants indicated the frequency of consumption of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea over the previous one month in terms of the specified serving size by selecting one of the following eight frequency categories: almost never, <1 cup/week, 1 cup/week, 23 cups/week, 46 cups/week, 1 cup/day, 23 cups/day, and4 cups/day (200ml per cup). This technique has a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 93% and is widely used in population-based studies due to its noninvasiveness and easy accessibility [33]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Int J Epidemiol. [10,11] In addition, results of animal experiments have indicated that catechins affect the lipid metabolism by decreasing triglyceride and total cholesterol levels[12] and enhancing energy utilization. [41] Restricting iron absorption through catechins may therefore be effective treatment for NAFLD. Thus, the reverse causation may partly explain the findings of the present study. 2018M641753). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated. The participants with NAFLD in the present study are newly diagnosed and have not changed their habits of tea consumption in the preceding five years. Results of this randomized clinical trial shows that GTE supplementation decrease ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period in patients with NAFLD. Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. The placebo given to the control group comprised pure microcrystalline cellulose. A previous meta-analysis showed that catechin intake is associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD risk factors [11], and that the daily intake amounts of catechin in the treatment groups of previous randomised clinical trials were>500mg. Anstee QM, McPherson S, Day CP. [39] Reports on NASH patients showed that elevated iron stores, iron absorption in the liver[40] and serum ALT levels were decreased by bloodletting treatment. It is believed to have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, one of which is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD prevalence has increased with the change in eating habits, thus identifying an effective treatment for NAFLD is a significant public health objective. Increased mRNA expression of acyl-CoA oxidase, one of the peroxisomal -oxidizing enzymes and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial -oxidizing enzyme, was observed in the liver of the catechin administration group. [32,33] In the past, BMI was the more important independent predictor agent of accumulated fat in the liver. Catechins account for ~20% of the flavonoids in green tea leaves. Table 1 shows the components of caffeine and polyphenols in the capsules. The placebo group showed a reduction in ALT and AST levels at the end of the study, but it was no significant. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Joukar F, Golpour S, Najafgholizadeh A. All participants underwent ultrasonography for determining fatty liver by a single sonographist. 2008;8:828. Foroughi M, Maghsoudi Z, Ghiasvand R, Iraj B, Askari G. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on C-reactive Protein in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver. Chang Y, Jung HS, Yun KE, Cho J, Cho YK, Ryu S. Cohort study of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD fibrosis score, and the risk of incident diabetes in a Korean population. Nutrition Journal Kaijun Niu or Yuhong Zhao. Moreover, a previous study conducted among Chinese women showed that tea consumption is associated with the serum concentration of total organochlorine pesticides (r=0.14, P<0.05) [29]. Part 3. 2008;331:65562. In the study region, a cup of tea has a typical volume of 200ml. Koo SI, Noh SK. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Significant increases in serum biochemical indices, including the levels of alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation by-products have been observed experimentally after subchronic or chronic exposure to organophosphates [31, 32]. This may be due to the fact that participants who drank tea tended to be men and older. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for energy intake (kJ/d), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, physical activity, educational level, household income, smoking status, drinking status, employment status, family history of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, intake of sweet foods pattern, vegetable pattern and animal foods pattern, and consumption of two other kinds of tea. Moreover, NAFLD is associated with metabolic syndrome [3], type 2 diabetes mellitus [4], and chronic kidney disease [5]. There were no significant differences at baseline between the two groups in terms of age, gender, marital status, education level, physical activity, and the severity of fatty liver. Type 2 diabetes was defined as having fasting blood glucose 7.0mmol/, or 2-h postprandial blood glucose 11.1mmol/l, or HbA1c6.5% (48mmol/mol), or a history of diabetes based on the 2014 American Diabetes Association criteria [17]. Finally, liver biopsy, the gold standard for the diagnosis of liver disease, was not performed in the present study, due to the apparently healthy study population. 81903302, 91746205, and 81673166), China; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. The Metabolic equivalents (METs; hours per week) were calculated using corresponding MET coefficients (3.3, 4.0, and 8.0, respectively) according to the following formula: MET coefficient of activity duration (hours)frequency (days). Sakata R, Nakamura T, Torimura T, Ueno T, Sata M. Green tea with high-density catechins improves liver function and fat infiltration in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. CAS Other researchers have accentuated that the peripheral accumulated lipid is a more important predictor agent in comparison with BMI. There was a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake in green tea group (P = 0.02). Yki-Jarvinen H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. Ultrasonography was used to diagnose fatty liver in patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >31 mg/dl and 41 mg/dl and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >31 mg/dl and 47 g/dl in women and men, respectively and without other hepatic diseases. This cross-sectional study was based on the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIHealth) Cohort Study, which is a large prospective dynamic cohort study that focuses on the relationships between chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and the health status of a population living in Tianjin, China [12]. [23,24,25] The prevalence of this is 3446% in adults, although the prevalence of it is 21.531.5% in Iran. Of totally 153 recruited patients, only 80 confirmed NAFLD patients met the inclusion criteria Inc. aged 2050 years of gender and body mass index (BMI) equal or over 30 kg/m2. If fatty acid uptake by hepatocytes increases, fatty acid pools in the liver increase and accumulate in the hepatocytes as acylglycerol, increasing the load on hepatic mitochondria. Personal characteristics Inc. demographic and disease history were obtained. J Nutr Biochem. How big a problem is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? 2006;50:21828. Beneficial effects of fermented green tea extract in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. Fasting blood samples were obtained via venipuncture of the cubital vein and immediately mixed with EDTA. Johansson G, Westerterp KR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. In this present, green tea group showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). There was no association between tea consumption and NAFLD after adjustment of confounding factors. Previous studies have focused on the effect of tea extract on NAFLD. 2011;25:178995. Blood samples were taken after 1214 h of overnight fasting at baseline and after the intervention period. No significant association was detected between daily consumption of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea and the prevalence of newly diagnosed NAFLD in Chinese adults after adjustments. Leite NC, Salles GF, Araujo AL, Villela-Nogueira CA, Cardoso CR. Nakamoto K, Takayama F, Mankura M, Hidaka Y, Egashira T, Ogino T, et al. IFCC method for alanine aminotransferase (L-alanine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.2), Bergmeyer HU, Hrder M, Rej R. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Scientific Committee, Analytical Section: Approved recommendation (1985) on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. A previous study demonstrated that green tea consumption was positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults (hazard ratio: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.27) [30]. The present study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to explore the associations between daily tea consumption and the prevalence of newly-diagnosed NAFLD in a general population with a large sample size. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted PubMedGoogle Scholar. Patients with liver diseases such as Wilson's disease, autoimmune liver disease, hemochromatosis, virus infection, and alcoholic fatty liver as well as those with hepatotoxic, lipid lowering, metformin consumption and antihypertensive medication, contraceptive, and estrogen were excluded. Daily tea drinking is not associated with newly diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese adults: the Tianjin chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and health cohort study, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0502-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Terms and Conditions, [17] The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups Green tea extract and placebo groups. Careers. Baseline characteristics of the NAFLD patients in each group, MeanSD daily total energy and macronutrient intakes before and after intervention, MeanSD biochemical factors before and after intervention. Stangl V, Lorenz M, Stangl K. The role of tea and tea flavonoids in cardiovascular health. Furthermore, we also adjusted scores of major dietary patterns in the study population in case the associations between daily tea consumption and the prevalence of NAFLD may be affected by intake of dietary confounding factors (i.e. All P values for linear trend were calculated according to the categories of tea consumption (almost never: 1, <1 cup/week: 2, 16 cups/week: 3, 1 cup/day: 4) based on logistic regression. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. dissertation which was approved by School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with code 393254. Suzuki Y, Miyoshi N, Isemura M. Health-promoting effects of green tea. At the beginning of the study, the groups were similar based upon weight (87.22 11.75 kg and 90.51 14.88 kg in intervention and placebo group, respectively) and liver enzymes. J Geriatr Cardiol. Factor analysis was applied to generate the major dietary patterns and food loading on all 100 food items and beverages (gram). Blood pressure was measured twice from the upper left arm using a TM-2655P automatic device (A&D Co., Tokyo, Japan) after five minutes of rest in a seated position. Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Hepatology. Bassett DR Jr. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. 2016;115:218995. How can (-)-epigallocatechin gallate from green tea prevent HIV-1 infection. The components of NAFLD have not yet been fully elucidated, but the following steps are considered to be the main mechanism. Most recently, a meta-analysis that included four randomized controlled trials suggested that there are potential benefits of green tea supplementation on the risk factors of NAFLD [11]. Green tea group showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). 2018;110:7985. 2015;7:477891. Bellentani S, Dalle Grave R, Suppini A, Marchesini G, Fatty liver Italian N. Behavior therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The need for a multidisciplinary approach. ALP levels showed significant reductions in both group after 12 weeks period (P < 0.001). Dietary green tea extract lowers plasma and hepatic triglycerides and decreases the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c mRNA and its responsive genes in fructose-fed, ovariectomized rats. Lee SA, Dai Q, Zheng W, Gao YT, Blair A, Tessari JD, et al. PMC legacy view The new PMC design is here! Z., L. L., G. M., H. W., X. Further studies are needed to explore the associations between more cups of tea drinking (e.g., equivalent to 500mg of catechins/day) and the prevalence of NAFLD. Yang YX, Wang GY. The evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that green tea inhibits dietary lipid absorption [23], decreases lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue [24], improves insulin sensitivity [25], and exerts antioxidant properties [26]. [13] Experimental evidence supports a role of green tea extract (GTE) or its catechins in protecting against NAFLD by regulating energy homeostasis and decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Dietary data were collected using a 3-day dietary record and averages of 3-day energy and macro-nutrients intakes were analyzed using Nutritionist Software (Version 4.1, First Databank Division, The Hearst Corporation, San Bruno, CA). 2008;46:12718. Normality of continuous variable was tested by KolmogorovSmirnov test. Papavagelis C, Avgeraki E, Augoulea A, Stamatelopoulos K, Lambrinoudaki I, Yannakoulia M. Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet and obesity in postmenopausal women. Before The same opaque capsules containing either dried powdered GTE or placebo (cellulose) were administered to the subjects by a research assistant blinded to the contents in the capsules. The scores of dietary patterns were used for further analyses as confounding factors. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). about navigating our updated article layout. Increased hepatocellular mitochondrial -oxidation activity promotes the breakdown of fatty acids and it is thought that it acts as a protective mechanism against NAFLD. Correspondence to The reproducibility and validity of the questionnaire have been assessed in a random sample of 150 participants living in Tianjin by comparing the data from the questionnaire with the data from two dietary questionnaires collected approximately three months apart and four-day weighed dietary records (WDRs). Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Rezg R, Mornagui B, El-Fazaa S, Gharbi N. Biochemical evaluation of hepatic damage in subchronic exposure to malathion in rats: effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities using native PAGE. Assessment of the physical activity level with two questions: Validation with doubly labeled water. 8600 Rockville Pike NAFLD was diagnosed via liver ultrasonography and no history of heavy alcohol intake. Article 2007;18:17983. Our GTE samples were prepared by Giah Essence Phytopharm Corporation (Gorgan, Iran). Mutat Res. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to explore the associations between excessive tea drinking and the prevalence of NAFLD. PA in the most recent week was assessed using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire [15]. Murase T, Nagasawa A, Suzuki J, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. Tea consumption was assessed via a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. [26,27,28] There have been no certain treatment for NAFLD so far, but losing weight, controlling metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, taking antioxidant drugs like Vitamin D and those which are sensitive to insulin are recommended. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging driving force in chronic kidney disease. Ultrasound scanning in the detection of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis. The mean SD of biochemical factors before and after intervention are shown in Table 4. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website (IRCT2013092611763N12). There were no significant differences in the mean nutrient intakes between the two groups at baseline and also after 12 weeks. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common chronic liver disease and potentially affects 25% of the global adult population [1]. government site. 2002;123:74550. Y. X., K. N., and Y, Z., designed research; Y. X., X. W., S. Z., Q. Spearmans rank correlation coefficient for energy intake between two food frequency questionnaires administered three months apart was 0.68. A previous meta-analysis of four clinical trials suggested that green tea extract supplementation yield benefits on NAFLD related risk factors [11].