Results showed that maximum number of weeds (54.4) was measured for M. indica followed by A. arvensis (30.5), P. minor (7.5) and F. indica (12.5) in weedy check treatment while, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Moreover, the herbicide at reduced dose with adjuvants was not much effective in terms of weed control or increased yield. Effects of adjuvants, halosulfuron, and grass herbicides on Cucurbita spp.
ha-1, T4 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i.
An appropriate adjuvant when combined efficiently can decrease the amount of herbicide applied and significantly reduces the total costs for weed control (Green, 2001; Monaco et al., 2002Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. Whereas, highest stomatal conductance was recoded in weedy check after 17 days of herbicide spray in all four weeds. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer followed by that of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 in F. indica than others weeds (Figure 3). According to Cheema et al. Crop Prot. An effect of adjuvants on potato yielding and limiting weed infestation in potato stands. Early reports revealed that herbicides has a direct impact on photosynthetic activity by disrupting all major components of photosynthesis including carbon reduction cycle, thylakoid electron transport, stomatal control of the CO2 supply and cholorophyll activity (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011; Vandoorne et al., 2012Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. 1998;53:123-132. However, minimum grain yield (2285.7 kg ha-1) was recorded in weedy check followed by that of isoproturon at 140 g and 105 g a.i. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Herbicide Bioassays. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. Biu Inst Hod Aklimat Ros. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. ha-1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i.
However, effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants was different for minimum number of weeds at harvest (Table 4). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced tallest wheat plants, whereas, minimum plant height (79.5 cm) was recorded with isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Data regarding effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on harvest index of wheat is presented in Table 2. The treatments were isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum dry weight of 7.5, 8, 19.5 and 7.5 g of M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica, respectively. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Harvest index (%) of wheat was calculated using following formula: The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance for wheat and weeds were measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide application. Among all treatments, maximum stomatal conductance (2287 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded in weedy check.
Minimum productive and maximum non-productive tillers were recorded in weedy check. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Combination of Bio-enhancer and isoproturon is more effective as compared to Ad-500, as Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 with reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i. 2008;27(3-5):719-26. Weed Technol. ha-1 was sprayed alone and in combination with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1. Treatments were comprised of weedy check, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (. Green JM. Data stated that full dose of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Highest grain yield (2666.6 kg ha-1) of wheat was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed Technol. Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
However, in weedy check, highest rate of photosynthesis was recorded in all weeds after 3, 10, and 17 days of herbicide spray. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 followed by isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed Res. ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. p.99-116. 2003;1:71-73.). In case of dry weight of weeds, isoproturon at 175 g a.i.
Complete dose of phosphorus and potassium and half of nitrogen was applied during seed bed preparation, while remaining nitrogen was applied at first irrigation.
2000;14:807-13.). Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and russian thistle (Salsolai berica). Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky D. Principles and procedures of statistics. Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (.
Spike length was significantly affected by exogenous application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants. Fragmenta Agron. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. In case of wheat, highest productive tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield were achieved with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. (English), https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582020380100024, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Effect of Isoproturon With and Without Adjuvants on Photosynthetic Attributes of Wheat and Its Associated Weeds.
Highest transpiration rate was observed in weedy check after that maximum transpiration rate (5.40 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with lowest dose of isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i.
Afr J Biotechnol. 2012;11(4):791-9.
ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Losses due to weeds can be managed by different approaches such as manual, mechanical, allelopathic, biological and chemical. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002. In all intervals of herbicidal applications, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i.
Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Wheat is among the most widely planted crops in the world. The isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. (2000Rahman L, Sakuratoni E, Uddiu T. Ecological adoption of chickpea to water stress. (2003Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 foi mais eficaz no controle de Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor e Fumaria indica, pois ele reduziu a atividade fotossinttica e a biomassa fresca e seca dessas plantas daninhas. Herbicide adjuvants. Minimum photosynthetic rate in M. indica (0.612 mol m-2 s-1), A. arvensis (0.552 mol m-2 s-1), P. minor (0.395 mol m-2 s-1), and F. indica (0.125 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Results regarding the effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of productive and non-productive tillers of wheat are described in Table 1. 2009;6(6):1-10.). At harvest, A. arvensis and F. indica showed similar trend and both weeds were fully controlled in plots where isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 resulted in highest plant height in all tested weeds after weedy check compared to all other treatments (Table 5). Fragmenta Agron. 2009;6(6):1-10.
; Green, 2001Green JM. The higher number of grains per spike might be due to least competition of weeds and maximum production of photosynthates by wheat plant that shifted into the reproductive organs. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Among all treatments, weedy check produced maximum photosynthetic rate after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide spray. Herbicide Bioassays. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced maximum spike length.
Common weeds of wheat and their control. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. (2006Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds.
Acta Sci Polon Agric. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;48:185-90.) ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1, devido supresso mxima de plantas daninhas. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. Tank mixture adjuvant provided better control of major weeds species than herbicide use alone or low dose with adjuvants that resulted in increased space and nutrients availability to crops which ultimately increased productive tillers and reduced non-productive tillers (Kierzek and Adamczewski, 2008Kierzek R, Adamczewski K. Activity of selected herbicide mixtures in maize. 2008;14(3-4):111-20. The more decrease in above traits with inclusion of adjuvants among all other treatments might be due to enhancement in efficiency of isoproturon with addition of adjuvants. Genetic studies and resistance characterization from multiple locations indicate independent evolution of resistance due to continuous use of isoproturon and monoculture rice-wheat-cropping system. Spray solutions were prepared by adding isoproturon alone and with adjuvants in a plastic bottles containing tap water. Pestic Sci. (2011Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. No entanto, observaram-se valores mais altos de parmetros de troca de gs do trigo quando nenhum herbicida foi pulverizado. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. 2012;11(4):791-9. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. 2010;24:147-52. The data was recorded from fully expanded mature leaves in between 10:00 am to 12:00 pm. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. ha-1, 140 g a.i. This might be due to stomotal closure at early stage of herbicide spray that reduced CO2 uptake under herbicide application. Maximum plant height of M. indica (63.5 cm), A. arvensis (39.5), P. minor (80.2 cm) and F. indica (57.75 cm) was recorded in weedy check. 2011;51(1):478-88.
Crop Prot. 2010;255:47-57. Recommended dose of nitrogen (N) from urea, phosphorus (P) from diammonium phosphate and potassium (K) from sulfate of potash was applied at the rate of 50, 34 and 25 kg/acre respectively. (EN). also revealed that herbicides significantly improved harvest index over weedy check. In cereals, particularly in wheat, different herbicides are utilized with chief mode of action of photosynthesis inhibition by interrupting normal functioning of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane and seizes electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-din et al., 2011Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. To increase the growth and yield of wheat, it is important to apply herbicides at optimum rate and right time while maintaining weed control at an acceptable level and also protecting crop from herbicide injury. ha-1 with both adjuvants (Ad-500 and Bio-enhancer) each at 400 mL ha-1 was more effective in reducing photosynthetic parameters of weeds than all other herbicide treatments and caused maximum reduction in photosynthetic parameters of weeds. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader, Resumo T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. J Agric Sci.
3rd ed. Formulation and adjuvants. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 2). Among various weed management strategies, chemical weed control is considered the most effective method. has reported that weeds are efficiently controlled when isoproturon is sprayed combined with surfactants. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Wheat variety PUNJAB-2011 was sown at the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1, planted using a single-row hand-pulled seed drill. ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;48:185-90. The key objective of presented research was to evaluate the effect of post-emergence application of isoproturon herbicide alone and with most suitable combination of adjuvant on photosynthetic attributes of wheat and their associated weeds. 2003;17(2):338-45. 2003;17(2):338-45.). Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Prog Plant Prot. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. p.99-116. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Ann App Bio. Enhancing the biological activity of nicosulfuron with pH adjusters. 2000;23:145-200.) Several studies has demonstrated that adjuvants efficacy is dependent on the herbicide being used and the characteristics of target weed (Kieloch and Domaradzki, 2008Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. Highest productive tillers (375.2) and lowest non-productive tillers (18.5) of wheat were observed with the application of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. 2007 Cambridge University Press 2003;51:430-4. 2008;25:61-70.
ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 were sprayed (Table 3). Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. All herbicide treatments produced more biological yield as compared to weedy check. 2015;166(2):171-182.). However, among all herbicidal applications, isoproturon with adjuvants decreased the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 17 days of herbicide application compared to others treatments. Resistance in this species to photosystem Il-inhibiting herbicide isoproturon was first recorded in 1992, and has since spread to several Indian states covering more than a million ha. After weedy check, lower doses of isoproturon with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest gaseous exchange parameters after 17 days of herbicide spray that might be due to the fact that all herbicide treatments not only affected weeds but also the wheat plants at earlier stage of spray however, lower doses of isoproturon imparted less impact on wheat. Littleseed canarygrass is a major weed of winter-season crops, although it is most dominant in wheat-growing regions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Seed bed was prepared by cultivating the soil thrice with tractor mounted cultivator, each followed by planking. However, optimum dose and suitable combination of herbicide with adjuvants play a vital role in controlling weeds at an acceptable level and produce maximum crop yield. Ashrafi Z. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. However, similar biological yield was recorded with isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Injury and grass control. Green JM, Cahill WR. Stomatal conductance enhanced significantly after 17 day of herbicidal spray than 3 and 10 days after spray (Figure 1). Pak J Weed Sci Res. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Results regarding number of weeds of all four species (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) after 21 days of application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants are presented in Table 4.
ha-1, T4 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i.
An appropriate adjuvant when combined efficiently can decrease the amount of herbicide applied and significantly reduces the total costs for weed control (Green, 2001; Monaco et al., 2002Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. Whereas, highest stomatal conductance was recoded in weedy check after 17 days of herbicide spray in all four weeds. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer followed by that of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 in F. indica than others weeds (Figure 3). According to Cheema et al. Crop Prot. An effect of adjuvants on potato yielding and limiting weed infestation in potato stands. Early reports revealed that herbicides has a direct impact on photosynthetic activity by disrupting all major components of photosynthesis including carbon reduction cycle, thylakoid electron transport, stomatal control of the CO2 supply and cholorophyll activity (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011; Vandoorne et al., 2012Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. 1998;53:123-132. However, minimum grain yield (2285.7 kg ha-1) was recorded in weedy check followed by that of isoproturon at 140 g and 105 g a.i. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Herbicide Bioassays. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. Biu Inst Hod Aklimat Ros. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. ha-1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i.
However, effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants was different for minimum number of weeds at harvest (Table 4). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced tallest wheat plants, whereas, minimum plant height (79.5 cm) was recorded with isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Data regarding effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on harvest index of wheat is presented in Table 2. The treatments were isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum dry weight of 7.5, 8, 19.5 and 7.5 g of M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica, respectively. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Harvest index (%) of wheat was calculated using following formula: The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance for wheat and weeds were measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide application. Among all treatments, maximum stomatal conductance (2287 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded in weedy check.
Minimum productive and maximum non-productive tillers were recorded in weedy check. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Combination of Bio-enhancer and isoproturon is more effective as compared to Ad-500, as Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 with reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i. 2008;27(3-5):719-26. Weed Technol. ha-1 was sprayed alone and in combination with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1. Treatments were comprised of weedy check, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (. Green JM. Data stated that full dose of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Highest grain yield (2666.6 kg ha-1) of wheat was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed Technol. Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
However, in weedy check, highest rate of photosynthesis was recorded in all weeds after 3, 10, and 17 days of herbicide spray. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 followed by isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed Res. ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. p.99-116. 2003;1:71-73.). In case of dry weight of weeds, isoproturon at 175 g a.i.
Complete dose of phosphorus and potassium and half of nitrogen was applied during seed bed preparation, while remaining nitrogen was applied at first irrigation.
2000;14:807-13.). Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and russian thistle (Salsolai berica). Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky D. Principles and procedures of statistics. Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (.
Spike length was significantly affected by exogenous application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants. Fragmenta Agron. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. In case of wheat, highest productive tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield were achieved with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. (English), https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582020380100024, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Effect of Isoproturon With and Without Adjuvants on Photosynthetic Attributes of Wheat and Its Associated Weeds.
Highest transpiration rate was observed in weedy check after that maximum transpiration rate (5.40 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with lowest dose of isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012;11(4):791-9.
ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Losses due to weeds can be managed by different approaches such as manual, mechanical, allelopathic, biological and chemical. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002. In all intervals of herbicidal applications, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i.
Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Wheat is among the most widely planted crops in the world. The isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. (2000Rahman L, Sakuratoni E, Uddiu T. Ecological adoption of chickpea to water stress. (2003Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 foi mais eficaz no controle de Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor e Fumaria indica, pois ele reduziu a atividade fotossinttica e a biomassa fresca e seca dessas plantas daninhas. Herbicide adjuvants. Minimum photosynthetic rate in M. indica (0.612 mol m-2 s-1), A. arvensis (0.552 mol m-2 s-1), P. minor (0.395 mol m-2 s-1), and F. indica (0.125 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Results regarding the effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of productive and non-productive tillers of wheat are described in Table 1. 2009;6(6):1-10.). At harvest, A. arvensis and F. indica showed similar trend and both weeds were fully controlled in plots where isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 resulted in highest plant height in all tested weeds after weedy check compared to all other treatments (Table 5). Fragmenta Agron. 2009;6(6):1-10.
; Green, 2001Green JM. The higher number of grains per spike might be due to least competition of weeds and maximum production of photosynthates by wheat plant that shifted into the reproductive organs. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Among all treatments, weedy check produced maximum photosynthetic rate after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide spray. Herbicide Bioassays. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced maximum spike length.
Common weeds of wheat and their control. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. (2006Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds.
Acta Sci Polon Agric. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;48:185-90.) ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1, devido supresso mxima de plantas daninhas. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. Tank mixture adjuvant provided better control of major weeds species than herbicide use alone or low dose with adjuvants that resulted in increased space and nutrients availability to crops which ultimately increased productive tillers and reduced non-productive tillers (Kierzek and Adamczewski, 2008Kierzek R, Adamczewski K. Activity of selected herbicide mixtures in maize. 2008;14(3-4):111-20. The more decrease in above traits with inclusion of adjuvants among all other treatments might be due to enhancement in efficiency of isoproturon with addition of adjuvants. Genetic studies and resistance characterization from multiple locations indicate independent evolution of resistance due to continuous use of isoproturon and monoculture rice-wheat-cropping system. Spray solutions were prepared by adding isoproturon alone and with adjuvants in a plastic bottles containing tap water. Pestic Sci. (2011Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. No entanto, observaram-se valores mais altos de parmetros de troca de gs do trigo quando nenhum herbicida foi pulverizado. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. 2012;11(4):791-9. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. 2010;24:147-52. The data was recorded from fully expanded mature leaves in between 10:00 am to 12:00 pm. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. ha-1, 140 g a.i. This might be due to stomotal closure at early stage of herbicide spray that reduced CO2 uptake under herbicide application. Maximum plant height of M. indica (63.5 cm), A. arvensis (39.5), P. minor (80.2 cm) and F. indica (57.75 cm) was recorded in weedy check. 2011;51(1):478-88.
Crop Prot. 2010;255:47-57. Recommended dose of nitrogen (N) from urea, phosphorus (P) from diammonium phosphate and potassium (K) from sulfate of potash was applied at the rate of 50, 34 and 25 kg/acre respectively. (EN). also revealed that herbicides significantly improved harvest index over weedy check. In cereals, particularly in wheat, different herbicides are utilized with chief mode of action of photosynthesis inhibition by interrupting normal functioning of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane and seizes electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-din et al., 2011Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. To increase the growth and yield of wheat, it is important to apply herbicides at optimum rate and right time while maintaining weed control at an acceptable level and also protecting crop from herbicide injury. ha-1 with both adjuvants (Ad-500 and Bio-enhancer) each at 400 mL ha-1 was more effective in reducing photosynthetic parameters of weeds than all other herbicide treatments and caused maximum reduction in photosynthetic parameters of weeds. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader, Resumo T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. J Agric Sci.
3rd ed. Formulation and adjuvants. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 2). Among various weed management strategies, chemical weed control is considered the most effective method. has reported that weeds are efficiently controlled when isoproturon is sprayed combined with surfactants. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Wheat variety PUNJAB-2011 was sown at the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1, planted using a single-row hand-pulled seed drill. ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;48:185-90. The key objective of presented research was to evaluate the effect of post-emergence application of isoproturon herbicide alone and with most suitable combination of adjuvant on photosynthetic attributes of wheat and their associated weeds. 2003;17(2):338-45. 2003;17(2):338-45.). Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Prog Plant Prot. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. p.99-116. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Ann App Bio. Enhancing the biological activity of nicosulfuron with pH adjusters. 2000;23:145-200.) Several studies has demonstrated that adjuvants efficacy is dependent on the herbicide being used and the characteristics of target weed (Kieloch and Domaradzki, 2008Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. Highest productive tillers (375.2) and lowest non-productive tillers (18.5) of wheat were observed with the application of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. 2007 Cambridge University Press 2003;51:430-4. 2008;25:61-70.
ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 were sprayed (Table 3). Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. All herbicide treatments produced more biological yield as compared to weedy check. 2015;166(2):171-182.). However, among all herbicidal applications, isoproturon with adjuvants decreased the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 17 days of herbicide application compared to others treatments. Resistance in this species to photosystem Il-inhibiting herbicide isoproturon was first recorded in 1992, and has since spread to several Indian states covering more than a million ha. After weedy check, lower doses of isoproturon with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest gaseous exchange parameters after 17 days of herbicide spray that might be due to the fact that all herbicide treatments not only affected weeds but also the wheat plants at earlier stage of spray however, lower doses of isoproturon imparted less impact on wheat. Littleseed canarygrass is a major weed of winter-season crops, although it is most dominant in wheat-growing regions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Seed bed was prepared by cultivating the soil thrice with tractor mounted cultivator, each followed by planking. However, optimum dose and suitable combination of herbicide with adjuvants play a vital role in controlling weeds at an acceptable level and produce maximum crop yield. Ashrafi Z. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. However, similar biological yield was recorded with isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Injury and grass control. Green JM, Cahill WR. Stomatal conductance enhanced significantly after 17 day of herbicidal spray than 3 and 10 days after spray (Figure 1). Pak J Weed Sci Res. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Results regarding number of weeds of all four species (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) after 21 days of application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants are presented in Table 4.