Sensitivity to fluopicolide and biological characteristics of resistant mutants of Phytophthora capsici in Chongqing. H10D~N1%i]+vR;DDAD*h_y">Pz"P+x\JiWmO$Hp,v h/tHk*QNh J?
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Hartman, G., and Huang, Y. W RESTRICTED: no contact this location.
rd2015-25-eng.pdf Zhai et al. Studies of fitness showed that fluopicolide-resistant isolates exhibited strong adaptive traits in different developmental stages, including mycelial growth, sporangium production, cystospore germination, and pathogenicity. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00754.x. The baseline sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide has been established by using 146 field isolates from 28 provinces throughout China from 2006 to 2014, with a unimodal distribution of low EC50 values (with a mean of 0.17 g/ml). According to this division, 30 intermediately resistant mutants and 14 highly resistant mutants made up the 44 fluopicolide-resistant mutants. FZ and XG contributed reagents, materials, and analysis tools. (2014). The results showed that fluopicolide had substantial activity against mycelial growth, sporangia formation, and zoospore release and motility, similar to previous studies (Lazzari et al., 2008; Jackson et al., 2010). The mutants derived from A1 and LP3, as well as mutants RFJ-4, RFJ-9, and RFJ-12, grew more slowly than their parents, and the hyphal growth rates of mutants RFB-1, RFJ-8, and RF1723-6 were higher than their parents at 18C. Adobe PDF Library 11.0 Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.
The fungicide final concentrations are listed in Table 1, and the DMSO final concentration was adjusted to 0.1% (v/v). a01ae2bd69cba76abd9c15804c765c834848875b 3175 0 obj
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Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 24 January 2020;Published: 03 March 2020. <<231F857FF2CBC945BC8ED2FBFC1E2F29>]>>
The two perpendicular diameters (the 5-mm plug diameter was subtracted) of each colony were measured after 3 days at 25C, and the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (EC50) for each isolate was calculated (Pang et al., 2013). hb```,g@( The isolate A1 was obtained from Michigan and used for comparison with Chinese isolates. endstream
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This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Because when your operation is sustainable, we all win. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.4.396, Lamour, K. H., Stam, R., Jupe, J., and Huitema, E. (2012). Russell, P. E. (2004). 0000017777 00000 n
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<. doi: 10.1094/pdis.2004.88.12.1292, Hu, J., Pang, Z. L., Bi, Y., Shao, J. P., Diao, Y. However, fungicides for the control of Phytophthora also present challenges because of the differences between oomycete and fungi, and resistance development (Lamour and Hausbeck, 2000; Lee et al., 2008; Randall et al., 2014). Sarasota, FL34231 0000009660 00000 n
Erwin, D. C., and Ribeiro, O. K. (1996). Plant Dis. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.08.001. Explore NuFarm. FRAC NUMBER: 43 H3
Hd?) J
doi: 10.1002/ps.1494. ET This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. Greenhouse, lathhouse, and outdoor nurseries Stem and fruit blight of peppers caused by Phytophthora capsici. SIGNAL WORD: caution In addition, positive cross-resistance was found between fluopicolide and fluopimomide (LH-2010A), contrary to metalaxyl (Figure 2). The strains isolated from the inoculated pepper seedlings were still resistant to fluopicolide (data not shown). Wild type sensitivity and mutation analysis for resistance risk to fluopicolide in Phytophthora capsici. These results suggest a moderate to high resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China. Billions of dollars from vegetable production are estimated to be threatened by P. capsici each year all over the world (Lamour et al., 2012). Toquin, V., Barja, F., Sirvan, C., Gamet, S., Latorse, M. P., Zundel, J. L., et al. Univ. & Curt.) Containing two modes of action for foliar application, INFINITO is also an ideal resistance management alternative for growers, INFINITO has two active ingredients that work together to deliver the ultimate protection against downy mildew. (1993). Table 3. The number of these colonies was counted for each plate. (2006). q Acta Phytopathol. 0000002453 00000 n
Figure 1. Lu et al. Cystospore germination was assessed by plating cystospore suspension on the surface of 1% agar plates at 25C in the dark after 12 h. More than 100 cystospores were examined under the microscope and considered germinated if the length of the germ tube was greater than the cystospore diameter. Apply the spray solution to all plant surfaces and to the point of runoff. /Tx BMC K0 S*ty(us8fjmX}h.J*+n3xDh} I:[^. Jackson, K. L., Yin, J. F., Csinos, A. S., and Ji, P. S. (2010). Luo, H. R., Xie, B. Y., Ma, F. H., and Zhu, G. R. (1999). Diversity of Phytophthora capsici in Northwest Spain: analysis of virulence, metalaxyl response, and molecular characterization. 0000035594 00000 n
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85, 10691075. Ornamentals Drench Application: Use between 1 to 4 fl oz/100 gallons for drench applications. Pest Manag. EMC %N(uJ!XC&=Z:YTR5;|Ibs&<7`iZ09}}8uuu5JU}.XL.q|'d,Mr2e$(-an
/N?-.(h"O[y2@ rkydr0=6R]9r :r2./=T{C
?wy0~B&_sK@X /
Virulence to Korean pepper cultivars of isolates of Phytophthora capsici from different geographic areas. Lee, J. Y., Sherman, D. H., and Hwang, B. K. (2008). Container grown plants: Apply in volume as listed. West Palm Beach, FL33411 Bedding and foliage plants Then, the plates were placed in a 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod at 25C for sporangial production. Sci. The mutation frequency, calculated as the number of resistant mutants divided by the total number of inoculations, was approximately 1 104. In this study, the biological characteristics, which more fully reflect the biological viability of the mutants, of a total of 15 mutants with different resistance levels and six corresponding parental strains were determined. Always read and follow label instructions. Its generic name is 2,6-dichloro-N-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]methyl] benzamide (C14H8Cl3F3N2O) (Lazzari et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2019). 4E@$ 592*6glu^HXd-e3r
3@|f":e#YwJ\h)0? 0000006575 00000 n
Each concentration consisted of three replicate plates. (2011), and a few reports have described the sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China using a limited number of isolates obtained from fewer than five provinces (Zhai et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019).
Studies have reported that the intracellular substances of hyphae or zoospores are leaked after fluopicolide treatment in P. capsici and P. infestans, and the potential target protein of fluopicolide is speculated to be a spectrin-like protein (Toquin et al., 2006; Jackson et al., 2010; FRAC, 2020), but this remains unclear. Zhai, M. T., Wang, K. Y., Xu, H., Tang, J. F., and Liu, J. hbbd```b``" 0000034308 00000 n Phytopathology 100, 11621168. Sporulation of the fluopicolide-resistant mutants derived from BYA5, Pc1723, A1, and JA8 was greater than or similar to that of the corresponding parental isolates in vitro, while mutants derived from LP3 and 12-11 produced sporangia that were fewer or comparable to the parents. The resistance stability of fluopicolide-resistant isolates was assessed after 10 successive transfers on fungicide-free PDA plates. The mutants derived from BYA5, Pc1723, 12-11, and mutant RFJ-8 presented faster mycelial growth, but LP3-mutants, RFJ-4 and RFJ-7 presented slower mycelial growth at 25C. 3164 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8889BBAB143CF14F8A130D039A177C50>]/Index[3153 23]/Info 3152 0 R/Length 76/Prev 610743/Root 3154 0 R/Size 3176/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 0000019763 00000 n Pest Manag. Sporulation and zoospore production used the method reported previously (Miller, 1955; Lu et al., 2010). Isolates of P. capsici were cultured on V8 juice agar media plates (9-cm diameter) for 3 days in the dark at 25C.
The colonies surviving on PDA containing fluopicolide were considered to be resistant mutants and were measured on PDA plates amended with a series of fluopicolide concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 g/ml) to determine their resistance level. Lu et al. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12124, Rekanovic, E., Potocnik, I., Stepanovic, M., Milijaevi-Mari, S., and Biljana, T. (2008). Mol. 0000089172 00000 n Table 2. Baseline sensitivity and resistance-risk assessment of Phytophthora capsici to iprovalicarb. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. /HeBo 14 Tf xref Pepper seeds (cv. Mol. 0000074929 00000 n 23, 183187. %%EOF For citrus, Presidio Fungicide is targeted chemistry that protects citrus threatened by Phytophthora root rot and foot rot. EC50 values were calculated as described earlier, and Spearman correlation analysis was carried out on log-EC50 values to test the sensitivity associations between fluopicolide and each of the other 10 oomycete fungicides. Lu, X. H., Hausbeck, M. K., Liu, X. L., and Hao, J. J. HE*^@=d7qd9}("1z+rp0?!\ M,AZnMj=^ Y See label for complete application precautions and restrictions, EPA REG. Wang et al. Silvar, C., Merino, F., and Diaz, J. 170802 A resistance factor (RF) was calculated as the ratio of EC50 values of a fungicide-resistant isolate relative to its parental isolate. 0000069859 00000 n Isolates were cultured on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium in Petri dishes at 25C in the dark for mycelial growth. 13, 329337. Population structure and resistance to mefenoxam of Phytophthora capsici in New York State.
rd2015-25-eng.pdf Zhai et al. Studies of fitness showed that fluopicolide-resistant isolates exhibited strong adaptive traits in different developmental stages, including mycelial growth, sporangium production, cystospore germination, and pathogenicity. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00754.x. The baseline sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide has been established by using 146 field isolates from 28 provinces throughout China from 2006 to 2014, with a unimodal distribution of low EC50 values (with a mean of 0.17 g/ml). According to this division, 30 intermediately resistant mutants and 14 highly resistant mutants made up the 44 fluopicolide-resistant mutants. FZ and XG contributed reagents, materials, and analysis tools. (2014). The results showed that fluopicolide had substantial activity against mycelial growth, sporangia formation, and zoospore release and motility, similar to previous studies (Lazzari et al., 2008; Jackson et al., 2010). The mutants derived from A1 and LP3, as well as mutants RFJ-4, RFJ-9, and RFJ-12, grew more slowly than their parents, and the hyphal growth rates of mutants RFB-1, RFJ-8, and RF1723-6 were higher than their parents at 18C. Adobe PDF Library 11.0 Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.
The fungicide final concentrations are listed in Table 1, and the DMSO final concentration was adjusted to 0.1% (v/v). a01ae2bd69cba76abd9c15804c765c834848875b 3175 0 obj
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Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 24 January 2020;Published: 03 March 2020. <<231F857FF2CBC945BC8ED2FBFC1E2F29>]>>
The two perpendicular diameters (the 5-mm plug diameter was subtracted) of each colony were measured after 3 days at 25C, and the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (EC50) for each isolate was calculated (Pang et al., 2013). hb```,g@( The isolate A1 was obtained from Michigan and used for comparison with Chinese isolates. endstream
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This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Because when your operation is sustainable, we all win. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.4.396, Lamour, K. H., Stam, R., Jupe, J., and Huitema, E. (2012). Russell, P. E. (2004). 0000017777 00000 n
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<. doi: 10.1094/pdis.2004.88.12.1292, Hu, J., Pang, Z. L., Bi, Y., Shao, J. P., Diao, Y. However, fungicides for the control of Phytophthora also present challenges because of the differences between oomycete and fungi, and resistance development (Lamour and Hausbeck, 2000; Lee et al., 2008; Randall et al., 2014). Sarasota, FL34231 0000009660 00000 n
Erwin, D. C., and Ribeiro, O. K. (1996). Plant Dis. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.08.001. Explore NuFarm. FRAC NUMBER: 43 H3
Hd?) J
doi: 10.1002/ps.1494. ET This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. Greenhouse, lathhouse, and outdoor nurseries Stem and fruit blight of peppers caused by Phytophthora capsici. SIGNAL WORD: caution In addition, positive cross-resistance was found between fluopicolide and fluopimomide (LH-2010A), contrary to metalaxyl (Figure 2). The strains isolated from the inoculated pepper seedlings were still resistant to fluopicolide (data not shown). Wild type sensitivity and mutation analysis for resistance risk to fluopicolide in Phytophthora capsici. These results suggest a moderate to high resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China. Billions of dollars from vegetable production are estimated to be threatened by P. capsici each year all over the world (Lamour et al., 2012). Toquin, V., Barja, F., Sirvan, C., Gamet, S., Latorse, M. P., Zundel, J. L., et al. Univ. & Curt.) Containing two modes of action for foliar application, INFINITO is also an ideal resistance management alternative for growers, INFINITO has two active ingredients that work together to deliver the ultimate protection against downy mildew. (1993). Table 3. The number of these colonies was counted for each plate. (2006). q Acta Phytopathol. 0000002453 00000 n
Figure 1. Lu et al. Cystospore germination was assessed by plating cystospore suspension on the surface of 1% agar plates at 25C in the dark after 12 h. More than 100 cystospores were examined under the microscope and considered germinated if the length of the germ tube was greater than the cystospore diameter. Apply the spray solution to all plant surfaces and to the point of runoff. /Tx BMC K0 S*ty(us8fjmX}h.J*+n3xDh} I:[^. Jackson, K. L., Yin, J. F., Csinos, A. S., and Ji, P. S. (2010). Luo, H. R., Xie, B. Y., Ma, F. H., and Zhu, G. R. (1999). Diversity of Phytophthora capsici in Northwest Spain: analysis of virulence, metalaxyl response, and molecular characterization. 0000035594 00000 n
Your rep is here to help answer any question you may have. endstream
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85, 10691075. Ornamentals Drench Application: Use between 1 to 4 fl oz/100 gallons for drench applications. Pest Manag. EMC %N(uJ!XC&=Z:YTR5;|Ibs&<7`iZ09}}8uuu5JU}.XL.q|'d,Mr2e$(-an
/N?-.(h"O[y2@ rkydr0=6R]9r :r2./=T{C
?wy0~B&_sK@X /
Virulence to Korean pepper cultivars of isolates of Phytophthora capsici from different geographic areas. Lee, J. Y., Sherman, D. H., and Hwang, B. K. (2008). Container grown plants: Apply in volume as listed. West Palm Beach, FL33411 Bedding and foliage plants Then, the plates were placed in a 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod at 25C for sporangial production. Sci. The mutation frequency, calculated as the number of resistant mutants divided by the total number of inoculations, was approximately 1 104. In this study, the biological characteristics, which more fully reflect the biological viability of the mutants, of a total of 15 mutants with different resistance levels and six corresponding parental strains were determined. Always read and follow label instructions. Its generic name is 2,6-dichloro-N-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]methyl] benzamide (C14H8Cl3F3N2O) (Lazzari et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2019). 4E@$ 592*6glu^HXd-e3r
3@|f":e#YwJ\h)0? 0000006575 00000 n
Each concentration consisted of three replicate plates. (2011), and a few reports have described the sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China using a limited number of isolates obtained from fewer than five provinces (Zhai et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019). Studies have reported that the intracellular substances of hyphae or zoospores are leaked after fluopicolide treatment in P. capsici and P. infestans, and the potential target protein of fluopicolide is speculated to be a spectrin-like protein (Toquin et al., 2006; Jackson et al., 2010; FRAC, 2020), but this remains unclear. Zhai, M. T., Wang, K. Y., Xu, H., Tang, J. F., and Liu, J. hbbd```b``" 0000034308 00000 n Phytopathology 100, 11621168. Sporulation of the fluopicolide-resistant mutants derived from BYA5, Pc1723, A1, and JA8 was greater than or similar to that of the corresponding parental isolates in vitro, while mutants derived from LP3 and 12-11 produced sporangia that were fewer or comparable to the parents. The resistance stability of fluopicolide-resistant isolates was assessed after 10 successive transfers on fungicide-free PDA plates. The mutants derived from BYA5, Pc1723, 12-11, and mutant RFJ-8 presented faster mycelial growth, but LP3-mutants, RFJ-4 and RFJ-7 presented slower mycelial growth at 25C. 3164 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8889BBAB143CF14F8A130D039A177C50>]/Index[3153 23]/Info 3152 0 R/Length 76/Prev 610743/Root 3154 0 R/Size 3176/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 0000019763 00000 n Pest Manag. Sporulation and zoospore production used the method reported previously (Miller, 1955; Lu et al., 2010). Isolates of P. capsici were cultured on V8 juice agar media plates (9-cm diameter) for 3 days in the dark at 25C.
The colonies surviving on PDA containing fluopicolide were considered to be resistant mutants and were measured on PDA plates amended with a series of fluopicolide concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 g/ml) to determine their resistance level. Lu et al. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12124, Rekanovic, E., Potocnik, I., Stepanovic, M., Milijaevi-Mari, S., and Biljana, T. (2008). Mol. 0000089172 00000 n Table 2. Baseline sensitivity and resistance-risk assessment of Phytophthora capsici to iprovalicarb. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. /HeBo 14 Tf xref Pepper seeds (cv. Mol. 0000074929 00000 n 23, 183187. %%EOF For citrus, Presidio Fungicide is targeted chemistry that protects citrus threatened by Phytophthora root rot and foot rot. EC50 values were calculated as described earlier, and Spearman correlation analysis was carried out on log-EC50 values to test the sensitivity associations between fluopicolide and each of the other 10 oomycete fungicides. Lu, X. H., Hausbeck, M. K., Liu, X. L., and Hao, J. J. HE*^@=d7qd9}("1z+rp0?!\ M,AZnMj=^ Y See label for complete application precautions and restrictions, EPA REG. Wang et al. Silvar, C., Merino, F., and Diaz, J. 170802 A resistance factor (RF) was calculated as the ratio of EC50 values of a fungicide-resistant isolate relative to its parental isolate. 0000069859 00000 n Isolates were cultured on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium in Petri dishes at 25C in the dark for mycelial growth. 13, 329337. Population structure and resistance to mefenoxam of Phytophthora capsici in New York State.