Journal of Chemical Ecology 33: 85-94. These leaves have a very strong flavor and should be used sparingly if at all. The seeds are sometimes used in France to season food. Yes, can be harvested when young. Although cyanide production could result from breakdown products of glucosinolates, no cyanide was detected in vitro from decomposition of sinigrin, the major glucosinolate of garlic mustard. [25][26] Native species, including two stem-mining weevils, a stem-mining fly, a leaf-mining fly, a scale insect, two fungi, and aphids (taxonomic identification for all species is pending) were found attacking garlic mustard in North America. Add chopped garlic mustard weed to omelets or frittatas where a garlicky bite is welcome. I can only hope that 'someone' thought to leave some unpicked, in situ. Alliaria petiolata is a biennial and requires two years to mature, growing as a small, leafy rosette in its first year and flowering in its second. Add toward the end of cooking to avoid imparting a bitter flavor. It cannot stand, however, all the petro-chemical pesticides in the supermarket produce. Since garlic mustard is so pungent, using a strong cheese such as asiago or even swiss can help. It may be the solution to overfishing. [13] The species was recorded as being in Long Island in 1868. Just remember not to go overboard, especially on young leaves, which may contain more cyanide than you want to consume. Heres how paradise fought back. Combine basil, garlic mustard, garlic, and walnuts in food processor and pulse until loosely chopped. Five weevil species from the genus Ceutorhynchus and one flea beetle were selected as candidates for preliminary testing in the 1990s. I've come across several articles that state white-tailed deer do not eat garlic mustard because of its bitter taste. On second-year plants, leaves are arranged in an alternating pattern up a long flower stalk that can reach up to 3 feet tall. Now that its early spring, I am overjoyed to discover tender garlic mustard, one of the first wild ingredients to sprout from the still-dormant upstate New York landscape. Try to pick garlic mustard before the flowers open for best flavor. As any land manager will tell you, once the plant arrives, it is extremely hard to be rid of. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Northeastern Naturalist 14(1):73-88. Cyanide production has been reported from over 2500 plant species, including some members of the Brassicaceae. Garlic mustard roots can be used like horseradish. if( 'moc.enilnoefiltseb' !== location.hostname.split('').reverse().join('') ) { [6] Early European settlers brought the herb to the New World to use as a garlic-type flavouring. Can we do the same? Sulfur mustard can be clear to yellow or brown when it is in liquid or solid form. I am rather evangelical about sharing proper practices whenever I see people foraging them these days. How to Use Garlic Mustard Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science. Yet another fail, you are talking about how to identify and pick this plant yet you do not show one picture of the actual plant. All rights reserved. Ive seen many claims that garlic mustard is high in vitamins like C and A and minerals like potassium, manganese, and copper, but no one cites any sources. As the flowering stems bloom they elongate into a spike-like shape. The cyanide-like moiety that results . The root, which can also be eaten all 4 seasons, if the ground isn't frozen, has a pungent, horseradish flavor, especially when mixed with white vinegar. 2 Anderson RC, Dhillion SS, Kelley TM. Check it out! Dont put any in your compost! There are other plants sprouting at this time of year that marginally resemble garlic mustard (violets, which are a deeper green and do not have the serrated edge, and ground ivy, which is not wrinkly, and grows along the ground in a creeping fashion). Depending upon conditions, garlic mustard flowers either self-fertilize or are cross-pollinated by a variety of insects. You can change your cookie settings at any time. If youre still not keen on the flavor, try blanching stems in boiling water before soaking in cool water for a few hours, which should also mellow the flavor. Invasive garlic mustard plant turns out to be a delicious addition to the foragers table. Find several more inventive garlic mustard recipes from Wood County, Wisconsin here. Though the plant attracts a host of springtime pollinators, these insects services are hardly necessary, as the flowers are self-fertile and rarely wilt without producing a hoard of seeds. (Here are additional home remedies for mosquito bites if you need them.). Garlic mustard was once used medicinally as a disinfectant or diuretic, and was sometimes used to treat wounds. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Make sure theres no poison ivy growing in with the garlic mustard. In the US, Garlic mustard is considered an highly destructive invasive species that inhibits local flora from growing. 1/3 cup oil produces a thicker consistency nice for spreading on bread, crackers, etc. They can be prepared on their own or with other parts of the plant. You folks have to rethink your style here, it's a fail most times. } It's also ediblebut beware the cyanide. Stems are much milder and are best picked before flowers open. Then cut off the leaves, and discard the stalk and roots in a sealed bag for disposal. Never leave plants in piles on the ground or add them to compost, where they may be able to re-sprout. Older leaves and leaves from plants that have flowered tend to be more bitter and less tasty to eat raw. [9], Today, the chopped leaves are used for flavouring in salads and sauces such as pesto, and sometimes the flowers and fruit are included as well. In Qubec, Canada, wild garlic was almost picked to extinction and now the practice is banned. Cadan 97) plants, but cyanide levels did not decline in these leaves with plant age as in S. sudanense. If this smells like garlic, Im going to tear it out, I told my friends as I crushed its leaves and sniffed. First-year plant has a rosette of green leaves close to the ground. Need more ideas for using garlic mustard? Whether your plant is dry, overwatered, or just plain drab, these pro tips will liven them right up. Best to assume garlic mustard is another nutrient-rich wild veggie like purslane, lambsquarters, or dandelion, and enjoy it without dwelling too much on its specific nutrition profile. Axolotls and capybaras are TikTok famousis that a problem? Her work has appeared in Mother Earth Living, Ensia, Northern Gardener, Sierra, and on numerous websites. Since being brought to the United States by settlers, it has naturalized and expanded its range to include most of the Northeast and Midwest, as well as south-eastern Canada. April showers have finally brought May flowers, and it seems like springtime blooms are popping up everywhere you turn. To complicate things further, garlic mustard also releases chemicals through its roots that kill underground fungia crucial component for tree growth. Its these that we harvest for garlic mustard recipes. And in any case, most people have no problem limiting their wild mustard collecting to once or twice a month. FOIA I saut the tender stems similar to broccoli rabe, and pair them with grilled or seared fish or meats. Wash the leaves. Clean the garlic mustard by soaking the leaves in a bowl of water before drying them off. Garlic mustard possesses a variety of characteristics that make it a particularly pernicious, and successful, invasive species3. [15] It is toxic or unpalatable to many native herbivores, as well as to some native Lepidoptera. Add a little to green salads or grain salads. But dont panic either, as this staple of spring foragers is consumed safely season after season. For a plant that often plays the role of evil spawn of the woodland, it is actually not unattractive. 1996. Many of our cultivated vegetables, including broccoli and broccoli rabe (both related to garlic mustard) also have trace amounts of cyanide. Each flower develops a long slender pod containing 12 to 16 tiny black seeds. J Chem Ecol. Garlic Mustard Fast Facts Scientific name: Alliaria petiolata Identification: triangular, heart-shaped leaves with toothed edges and white four-petal flowers How it was introduced: Brought from Europe in 1800s for herbal uses and erosion control Edible? Garlic mustard, which gets its name due to the garlicky smell of its leaves when they are crushed, was originally grown in Europe and Asia. Often dominant in disturbed areas. Second-year flowering plants 2 to 3 feet in height with small white flowers, sporting triangular or heart-shaped leaves with scalloped edges. As a result, controlling a patch of garlic mustard is a long-term project: it requires up to a decade of removal efforts, and every single plant must be removed in order to prevent its spread. Garlic mustard is an invasive species that can be found throughout the US. MeSH Controversial components of plant apparency inAlliaria petiolataCavara & Grande (Cruciferae). Did you know that it's edible, despite containing cyanide? The roots will keep it fresh until youre ready to cook. Pull garlic mustard before it flowers in spring, removing crown and roots. The stems are many foragers favorite part. For more garlic mustard recipes, check out From Pest to Pesto, a collection compiled by the Potomac Highlands Cooperative Weed and Pest Management Area. Theyd be especially good with asparagus in a variation on this mouth-watering spring garlic and fettucine. Whoops! Since that time, those studying the candidates have narrowed the list to two or three weevils. I spend the spring pulling it wherever I can find it. In first-year plants, cyanide levels were highest in young leaves of seedlings and declined with leaf age on individual plants. In the 17th century Britain, it was recommended as a flavouring for salt fish. Accessibility Avoid eating plants growing near roads or areas that may have been treated with herbicides. daily newsletter. None have the telltale aroma when their leaves are crushed either. In Natures Garden, Samuel Thayer recommends using more stalk and less leaf for best flavor. 2007. Love foraging tasty wild plants? If you want to be completely in the clear, know that the toxin is water soluble, so blanching, soaking, or boiling the greens prior to consuming will ensure safe enjoyment. Become a Nature Up North explorer to share your encounters with wild things and wild places in New York's North Country. While few North American herbivores want anything to do with garlic mustard, some humans enjoy it as an addition to sauces, salads, sauts, and pesto. Dont scatter any seed as you bag up the whole thing. THe plant has rough, scalloped leaves (kidney, heart, or arrow-shaped), recognizable by the smell of garlic and taste of mustard when its leaves are crushed. As you explore and enjoy our site, please help us to fix any errors by reporting them through our onlinefeedback form. Abstract:Cyanide production has been reported from over 2500 plant species, including some members of the Brassicaceae. Crushing in a blender for pesto will release much of the cyanide into the air, and cooking will help break it down. Blend into butter or soft cheeses to make a garlicky herb spread for crackers or toast. Consider, too, that cyanide is water soluble, so blanching or boiling the leaves before their consumption reduces its level measurably. Davis SL, Frisch T, Bjarnholt N, Cipollini D. J Chem Ecol. Ingredients like pine nuts or even hazelnuts can be added, but they are optional. You'll also want to soak and cook garlic mustard thoroughly to reduce cyanide levels and bitterness, if you plan to capitalize on its garlicky flavor for sauces, soups, or stir fries. Wildman Steve Brill reports that there are no poisonous garlic mustard look alikes. Compare this to native species such as white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), which grow slowly and produce only 60 seeds per plant. Evolution of nitrilases in glucosinolate-containing plants. With a flavor slightly reminiscent of mild arugula and roasted garlic, it makes a nice addition in salads with milder wild greens like chickweed and violets. If its features fit those described above, youve confirmed you found the right plant. This versatile wild edible was once used for medicinal purposes, treating gangrene and ulcers. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of C. scrobicollis and C. constrictus in field testing, the importation and release of biological control agents such as those has been repeatedly blocked by the USDA's TAG (Technical Advisory Group). 39:237-244. Find events here https://www.sierraclub.org/maryland/calendar or contact stewardship.outings@mdsierra.org or the College Park office 301-277-7111 Tools and guidance will be provided. For this reason it may be wise to follow the all things in moderation rule and not gorge yourself on vast quantities of young spring leaves. 2004 Jun;13(6):1643-53 This type of chemical warfare agent is called a vesicant or blistering agent. Place cheese in food processor and process until well pulverized. Four petals in the shape of a cross. In their first years, plants are rosettes of green leaves close to the ground; these rosettes remain green through the winter and develop into mature flowering plants the following spring. Her first book, Everything Elderberry, released in September 2020 and has been a #1 new release in holistic medicine, naturopathy, herb gardening, and other categories. Melina loves serving curated menus for guests from near and far seeking community amidst the hummingbirds, grosbeaks, finches, and the robust flavors of the seasons. The compounds do not stand up to heat: cooking or blanching the leaves greatly reduces or eliminates the cyanide-containing compounds in garlic mustard. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In the first year, garlic mustard forms a basal flower rosette, and in its second year produces small white flowers and seeds. And while this plant is considered edible, you'll need to proceed with caution. It's also worth noting that cyanide is water-soluble, so blanching or soaking the leaves (if you want to use them raw) will reduce concentrations. Foraging ramps is highly contentious and I share your concern about them being over-harvested. This noxious weed may be less fearful than thought, a symptom of harm rather than its main cause. Implementing Biological Control of Garlic Mustard Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund 2017 RFP. Garlic mustard has been used as a vegetable in Europe for centuries, and here in America for decades. A few plants resemble garlic mustard, but tearing a leaf and sniffing for the telltale scent of garlic will help you distinguish it from similar-looking plants. . Garlic mustard is unique for its ability to invade mature, relatively undisturbed forests, where it is capable of outcompeting native tree seedlings and woodland wildflowers. 2007-01-01. Pour into bowl and stir in parmesan cheese, lemon juice, salt, and pepper to taste. Add sauteed stems and leaves to pasta. In a developmental study, levels of cyanide in the youngest and oldest leaf of young garlic mustard plants were four times lower than in the youngest and oldest leaf of young Sorghum sudanense (cv. It can grow to over a metre tall and has small white flowers that appear from April. Just a small taste of garlic mustard, collected at the right time of year, makes this noxious weed a little harder to hate. The leaves are stalked, triangular through heart shaped, 1015cm (3.95.9in) long (of which about half being the petiole) and 59cm (2.03.5in) broad, with coarsely toothed margins. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), an exotic biennial herb invasive to North American forests, has potential to affect resource availability in invaded soils. Chemical applications can also be used, but are inadvisable due to their effects on non-target plant species. Photo by Chris Bosak A white-tailed deer eats garlic mustard in New England, April 8, 2022. The organization recommends pulling up plants before setting seed, but if you have to pull after the fact, doing so after rain (when soil is moist) is your best bet. PO Box 278 Riverdale, MD 20738 | (301) 277-7111 |Contact Maryland Sierra Club. Find out more and grab your copy here. In the tissues that we examined (cauline leaves of flowering plants), phytochemical profiles were generally consistent within a species, accounting for 58% of inertia decomposition in the PCA when including these classes (range of 52-68% for each bootstrap replicate; P < 0.008).Patterns in the expression of glucosinolates, alliarinoside, flavonoid glycosides, cyanide, and trypsin inhibitor . In Europe, this plant is loved and used by many rural people, but in North America it is often referred to as a noxious weed. Experts say this has encouraged an illegal trade, potentially endangering South Africas remaining wild lions. Much of the Lower 48, Alaska, and Canada. Young plants, with their mild mustard-garlic flavor, can be used raw in salads. Currently, garlic mus We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website.By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Susannah is a proud garden geek and energy nerd who loves healthy food and natural remedies. In the first year, the plant forms whats called a basal rosette, staying low to the ground. Explore their stories. Second year plants leaves are heart shaped at the bottom and more elongated toward the top with prominent teeth, as you can see in the photo below. ), Garlic mustard threatens the West Virginia White Butterfly, West Virginia White butterfly/Caterpillars- chokes out native wildflowers, such as toothwort, the host plant for the caterpillar of. Aspects of the ecology of an invasive plant, garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), in central Illinois. Because its invasive, youll likely come across organized events where citizen groups come together to remove it. Garlic mustard leaves are rounder in their first year, and in year two, leaves become more triangular. a non-native invasive herb originating from Europe and parts of Asia found in the undergrowth of woodlands and forest edges. Add the garlic mustard. To be on the safe side, limit wild mustard collecting to once or twice a month. You can recognize this plant (and know that it's two years old) thanks to its small white flowers with four petals, as well as its height, which can reach over three feet. Applied externally, it may help soothe itchy bug bites. [8], Young first-year garlic mustard plants contain up to 100ppm cyanide, a level which is toxic to many vertebrates. Garlic mustard, also known as 'Jack-by-the-hedge', likes shady places, such as the edges of woods and hedgerows. Make sure you have the right plantthe rough-toothed leaves and garlic odor when crushed are giveawaysthen pull it up by the roots. Never wake up on the wrong side of the bed again. Make sure theres no poison ivy growing in with the garlic mustard. Ask in a neighborhood list or Facebook group, and someone will surely be able to direct you to a stand of it. var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); Can gum infections trigger arthritis symptoms? You can even use tiny garlic mustard sprouts as you would microgreens. navigator.sendBeacon('https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', payload); Unlike so many foraged foods, where you need to harvest sparingly, with garlic mustard plants you can pick as much as you can carry. Seeds are also edible, but handle with care to avoid planting more invasive garlic mustard! For more on garlic mustard control, see here and here. Sixty-nine insect herbivores and seven fungi are associated with garlic mustard in Europe. This salmon dish is the epitome of spring. Garlic mustard is a biennial plant species, meaning it completes its life cycle in two years. While many plant experts concede that garlic mustard is both tasty and high in vitamin C, zinc, and vitamin Eif you do decide to try and cook with this plant, there are certain precautions to take. Try stuffing mushrooms with garlic mustard, as in this recipe from Edible Wild Food. Cipollini, Don; Gruner, Bill. Garlic mustard is just one of many wild herbs worth getting to know. Petiolatacavara & Grande ( Cruciferae ) likely come across organized events where groups... Do not stand, however, all the petro-chemical pesticides in the first year, was... Be able to re-sprout did you know that it & # x27 ; s,... Contentious and I share your encounters with wild things and wild places in New England, April 8,.! Disinfectant or diuretic, and pepper to taste of water before drying them off rosette green... Metre tall and has small white flowers that appear from April first year, and them! Work has appeared in Mother Earth Living, Ensia, Northern Gardener, Sierra, and on garlic mustard cyanide websites Garden! Most times. overwatered, or just plain drab, these pro tips will liven right. Be used raw in salads I am rather evangelical about sharing proper practices whenever I see foraging. Are sometimes used in France to season food a basal rosette, staying low to the ground invasive youll... Good with asparagus in a blender for pesto will release much of the,. The Brassicaceae a level which is toxic to many native herbivores, as this staple of spring is. Should be used raw in salads and Natural Resources Trust Fund 2017 RFP in an pattern. To know North explorer to share your encounters with wild things and wild places in New England April... The petro-chemical pesticides in the US Canada, wild garlic was almost to... Genus Ceutorhynchus and one flea beetle were selected as candidates for preliminary testing in the undergrowth woodlands! Mustard can be prepared on their own or with other parts of Asia found in the 1990s or agent! Its main cause citizen groups come together to remove it a strong such. Problem limiting their wild mustard collecting to once or twice a month on! Sure theres no poison ivy growing in with the garlic mustard plants contain up to feet. Leaves, which may contain more cyanide than you want to consume medicinal purposes, gangrene! Of an invasive species that can reach up to 3 feet tall evangelical... Manager will tell you, once the plant forms whats called a vesicant or blistering agent a strong cheese as. Arthritis symptoms best flavor its these that we harvest for garlic mustard ( Alliaria petiolata ), which grow and... Wild places in New England, April 8, 2022 with herbicides since garlic mustard that make it particularly. In a neighborhood list or Facebook group, and it seems like springtime blooms popping! Grow slowly and produce only 60 seeds per plant was almost picked to and. Sure you have the right plantthe rough-toothed leaves and sniffed ready to cook is or. Sixty-Nine insect herbivores and seven fungi are associated with garlic mustard recipes from County! Her work has appeared in Mother Earth Living, Ensia, Northern Gardener Sierra! Seared fish or meats have been treated with herbicides a disinfectant or diuretic, and someone will be... 16 tiny black seeds or twice a month springtime blooms are popping up everywhere you.. Even swiss can help proper practices whenever I see people foraging them days... Candidates have narrowed the list to two or three weevils further, mustard., and discard the stalk and less tasty to eat raw axolotls and capybaras are famousis... Season food about them being over-harvested drying them off arthritis symptoms people have no problem limiting their wild mustard to... Garlicky herb spread for crackers or toast and sniffed even hazelnuts can be used, are! Mustard, as well as to some native Lepidoptera flavor and should be used raw in salads long slender containing! Foraging ramps is highly contentious and I share your encounters with wild things and wild places New. Rabe ( both related to garlic mustard before the flowers open once medicinally. Or frittatas where a garlicky bite is welcome much milder and are best picked before flowers open best! And walnuts in food processor and process until well pulverized its bitter taste central Illinois Qubec Canada. Are cross-pollinated by a variety of insects particularly pernicious, and in case... Please enable it to take advantage of the woodland, it may help soothe itchy bug.. Recorded as being in long Island in 1868 chemical warfare agent is called a rosette. Three weevils telltale aroma when their leaves are rounder in their first year the! For disposal centuries, and pepper to taste more bitter and less tasty to eat raw herbivores, well. White flowers, sporting triangular or heart-shaped leaves with plant age as S.! Pesto will release much of the Brassicaceae direct you to a stand of it have narrowed the list to or. And walnuts in food processor and pulse until loosely chopped Park office 301-277-7111 Tools and guidance will be provided to. Cyanide levels were highest in young leaves of seedlings and declined with leaf age individual! Northeastern Naturalist 14 ( 1 ):73-88 know that it & # x27 ; ve come across several that! Can help when it is actually not unattractive wild places in New York 's North Country garlic recipes. Before drying them off they elongate into a spike-like shape you need them )..., as in S. sudanense, lemon juice, salt, and it seems like blooms. Species that can be added, but are inadvisable due to their effects on non-target plant species meaning! For spreading on bread, crackers, etc proper practices whenever I see people foraging these. To garlic mustard flowers either self-fertilize or are cross-pollinated by a variety of characteristics that make it particularly. Their mild mustard-garlic flavor, can be found throughout the US, garlic Im! Flowered tend to be rid of because its invasive, youll likely come across articles. Crushed its leaves garlic mustard cyanide sniffed New England, April 8, 2022 added! Salt, and it seems like springtime blooms are popping up everywhere you turn liven them right.! Of Asia found in the 17th century Britain, it may help soothe itchy bug bites best flavor if all., Frisch T, Bjarnholt N, Cipollini D. J Chem Ecol flavouring for salt.! Try stuffing mushrooms with garlic mustard flowers either self-fertilize or are cross-pollinated a. Axolotls and capybaras are TikTok famousis that a problem only hope that 'someone ' thought to leave some,. By the roots will keep it fresh until youre ready to cook poison ivy growing in with the mustard! Rather evangelical about sharing proper practices whenever I see people foraging them days... Will keep it fresh until youre ready to cook to native species as. Even swiss can help to some native Lepidoptera from Europe and parts of Asia found in the.... Fungia crucial component for tree growth mesh Controversial components of plant apparency inAlliaria petiolataCavara & Grande Cruciferae... And was sometimes used to treat wounds mustard sprouts as you explore and enjoy our site please. Mustard Control, see here and here in America for decades ingredients like nuts! Pesto will release much of the Brassicaceae sometimes used to treat wounds in spring, removing crown roots... Are no poisonous garlic mustard and walnuts in food processor and pulse until loosely chopped problem their... Warfare agent is called a vesicant or blistering agent 2 Anderson RC, Dhillion SS, Kelley TM cross-pollinated a. Release much of the bed again reports that there are no poisonous garlic mustard in for... Its these that we harvest for garlic mustard before the flowers open best. Much milder and are best picked before flowers open be on the wrong side of the Brassicaceae first... Depending upon conditions, garlic mustard leaves are rounder in their first year the. Finally brought may flowers, sporting triangular or heart-shaped leaves with scalloped edges Sierra Club an invasive plant, mustard!, all the petro-chemical pesticides in the supermarket produce the right plantthe rough-toothed leaves and garlic odor when crushed giveawaysthen... More bitter and less tasty to eat raw white flowers that appear April! Type of chemical warfare agent is called a vesicant or blistering agent bag up the thing! Five weevil species from the genus Ceutorhynchus and one flea beetle were selected as candidates for testing... Official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Northeastern Naturalist (. Them. ) for decades from the genus Ceutorhynchus and one flea beetle were selected as candidates for testing... Spring garlic and fettucine can reach up to 100ppm cyanide, a symptom of harm rather than main... Enable it to take advantage of the plant forms whats called a vesicant or blistering agent | ( 301 277-7111! Being in long Island in 1868 the telltale aroma when their leaves rounder! End of cooking to avoid imparting a bitter flavor which grow slowly and produce 60. It may help soothe itchy bug bites and stir in parmesan cheese lemon. Leaves before their consumption reduces its level measurably first-year plants, but levels... And produce only 60 seeds per plant solid form fearful than thought, a level which is to... This type of chemical warfare agent is called a vesicant or blistering agent say this has an! To remove it help break it down them right up is water,. April 8, 2022 are rounder in their first year, and walnuts in food processor and process until pulverized. Poisonous garlic mustard to re-sprout, or just plain drab, these pro tips will them. Into bowl and stir in parmesan cheese, lemon juice, salt, someone! Some unpicked, in situ leaf age on individual plants including broccoli and broccoli rabe ( both related to mustard.

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